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Savings is vital to maintain and expand an economy’s capital structure
and economic growth. Saving is an important component of economic growth
model in that investments are created from savings. Investment allows
an opportunity to improve technology and thereby increasing levels of
productivity. Increasing levels of productivity lead to increased real
wages. The end result of increasing real wage is improvement of the
welfare of the nation. Nevertheless, savings have been declining over
the years, placing the South African economic development agenda in
jeopardy. Since 1984, savings have deteriorated significantly, reaching a
mere 15.3 percent of GDP in 2009 (SARB, 2010). The decline in savings
at the beginning of the 1980s coincided with increased access to credit
by households. Alongside these developments net wealth of the households
increased relative to their disposable income (South African Reserve
Bank (SARB), 2002). Mutyaba (2013) states that savings declined
considerably during the last decade in South Africa. In 2006, for
example, savings turned negative. In contrast, during the same year the
debt increased to its highest level ever Mutyaba (2013). Clearly
voluntary savings are becoming even more unaffordable by a number of
households in South Africa, mainly amongst the low earners (Chiroro,
2010).This study uses Engle & Granger cointegration approach and
granger causality to examine the link between debt and savings in South
Africa. Contribution/ Originality
This paper makes a contribution towards the household savings discourse
in South Africa. The use of Engle and Granger cointegration approach to
examine the link between household savings and household debt in this
paper is one of the very few studies in this area in South Africa. Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 06-2016 Issue: 1
Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Economic Freedom as Well as Economic Conditions, The Quality of Life, and Public Education Spending on U.S. Undocumented Immigrant Settlement Patterns
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research
This study seeks to identify key factors influencing the geographic
settlement pattern of undocumented immigrants in the U.S., with a
particular emphasis on the impact of economic freedom, and to extend the
OLS findings in previous related studies. Indeed, this study adds to
the literature in several ways. First, it provides current insights into
the link between the settlement patterns of undocumented immigrants in
the U.S. and economic freedom. Second, the study adopts a panel data-set
and provides estimates using cross-section fixed-effects. Third, this
study also endeavors to provide further insights into the impacts on the
settlement patterns of undocumented immigrants of non-economic-freedom
economic conditions, as well as the quality of life and spending on
primary and secondary public education. The various state fixed-effects
estimates provided in the present study yield several conclusions. In
particular, according to these estimations, the settlement pattern of
undocumented immigrants in the U.S is inversely a function of colder
climates, higher crime rates, higher population density, and a higher
cost of living. In addition, the interstate distribution of undocumented
immigrants to the U.S. is positively a function of the annual per pupil
outlays on public primary and secondary education; it is also
positively a function of the degree of economic freedom, the principal
focus of this study. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to the literature by providing contemporary
insights into the factors influencing settlement patterns of
undocumented immigrants in the U.S. using panel data. It is also one of
the few studies to examine the influences of economic freedom and
primary and secondary public school outlays. Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 2
Dynamics of Inflation, Economic Growth, Money Supply and Exchange Rate in India: Evidence from Multivariate Analysis
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research
The present study investigates the dynamics of inflation, GDP and
exchange rate and money supply in India for the period 1975-2012. The
data source is cumulated from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Handbook
of Statistics 2012. The empirical findings of the study show that there
is a long-run equilibrium relationship exist among the variables. The
result also suggest that money supply has a positive effect on GDP
growth in India. The result of error correction indicates that correct
and negative sign for Gross Domestic Product and exchange rate. The
behavior of GDP implies there is no problem of adjustment in the long
run in case of shocks in the short run. The VECM Granger causality
confirms that unidirectional causality from GDP to inflation and
exchange rate to inflation. The result also found that exchange rate
Granger causes both GDP and money supply at 10 percent level of
significance. The impulse response result shows that GDP has a positive
response to money supply from the occurrence to the end of the period.
Whereas the response of exchange rate to money supply negative in the
whole lag period. The variance decomposition result explainss that no
significant part of variance is caused by money supply. The result also
reveals that cyclical variance of GDP caused by money supply, exchange
rate, and inflation. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which has investigated the growth
inflation relationship in the context of India in a new approach using
VAR model. Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 2
About the Calculation Method of the Coefficient that Shows Significance Extent of Geometric Characteristics in Determination of Racial and Ethnic Identity of Human
In the article, a new algorithm for finding coefficients that determine
significance extent of the values of geometric characteristics that are
used for determination of racial and ethnic identity of human is
proposed. It is explained that the calculation of coefficients which
determine the importance extent of the values of geometric
characteristics is important in several respects. The determination of
coefficients that indicate the importance extent of geometric
characteristics causes reduction in numbers of values of geometric
characteristics that don’t have particular importance and in time that
is spent for the identification and improvement of identification
quality. Contribution/ Originality
In this paper a review of different semiconductor-type gas sensors is
presented. The different types of gas sensors from various companies
like Hanwei, Libelium, Sandbox Electronics and Sensor Tech SGX are
discussed along with their technical specifications. Environment is
surrounded by various sorts of gases cum pollutants and it is utmost
necessary to keep a efficient check on them as these gases can cause
trouble to the health of human beings and pollute environment
drastically. The main objective of this research paper is to present all
sorts of gas sensors which are based on semiconductors and to generate
awareness regarding which sensor is best for which detection. However,
for more improved sensitivity and selectivity for these sensors, future
trends and outlook for researchers is also suggested. The paper can also
act as base for researchers to get hold of these sensors to develop a
market ready product like drone or robot for Environmental Gas
Detection. Contribution/ Originality
Different security protocols were analyzed are used for a centralized
database with distributed architecture. The goal is identify adequate
security protocols to mitigate the security of information through
identity of a model without relying on technological infrastructures. In
this phase the suitable security protocols for a model of identity
authentication, authorization and auditing (AAA) was analyzed. Deductive
method is used in exploratory research to analyze security protocols
more used among the main mentioned: Feret, Kerberos, Radius, Dnssec,
Ipsec, Pgp, Secure Rpc, Set, Ssl, Tls, Maille, Eap, Pap, Map, Diameter,
Peap, among others. It turned out that security protocols should be
adopted on a model of identity for a centralized data base. It was
concluded that protocols and security algorithms must have a direct
relation to the identity model; allowing mitigate the vulnerabilities
and risks considering To mitigate the threats and risks of information
with confidentiality, integrity and availability. The technological
infrastructure should not influence the implementation of different
security protocols. Contribution/ Originality
This paper provides the first analysis to adopt appropriate security
protocols for an identity model with authentication, authorization and
auditing without relying on specific technological infrastructure for
Ecuador's civil registry; in a distributed architecture database.
Different civil registries of the world with similar characteristics can
refer this research project. Computer Sciences » Review of Computer Engineering Research » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 4
Path Loss Measurement and Modeling for Lagos State G.S.M Environments
This paper presents path loss measurement and modeling for Lagos state
dense-urban (DU), urban (UR), sub-urban (SU) and non-urban (NU) G.S.M
environments. It was carried out with data collection through drive
testing using TEMS software in the chosen environments Lagos-Island(DU),
Surulere (UR), Lekki-Oniru (SU), Agbede-Ikorodu (NU), over a distance
of 0.5-10Km from Base station (BS) to Mobile station (MS) with
measurement taken at 0.5Km intervals for a period of 52 weeks. Relative
parameters like Rxlev, RSSI, Path loss were measured in all areas of
investigation under 2G and 3G frequencies of operation and twelve (12)
different sites location were covered and analysed. COST 231-Hata model
was used as reference model for path loss calculation of field data,
this was further adjusted to develop optimized models (tagged OMODEEN
models) for path loss prediction in all environments of study, which
shows results within 6dB acceptable range, hence recommended for
modeling in these environs and other similar G.S.M environments. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated path loss
in classified environment. Effort was geared towards four chosen
environment in Lagos metropolitan terrain. A new model known as OMODEEN
was developed and can be used for specific environs. MATLAB was used to
develop graphical representation of the model. Computer Sciences » Review of Computer Engineering Research » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 4
Computational Modeling of Multi-Purpose Amphibious Aircraft Be-103
The paper is dedicated to the aspects of 3D computational modeling of
Be-103 amphibious aircraft. The paper contains initial Figures and
drawings; the computational modeling is performed in 3 ds Max 3D graphic
modeling system. Models of amphibious aircraft structural components
are produced by polygonal extrusion process. Shading is performed at the
sub-objects level as well as assignment of materials. Figures
illustrating realistic rendering of amphibious aircraft 3D-model are
presented as well. Contribution/ Originality
The main contribution of this article is to create a method of designing
from the initial sketch-es to photorealistic model of amphibious
aircraft. Polygonal modeling method has advantages in the designing of
complex engineering objects. For high-quality rendering of the final
model uses an improved calculating method of lighting. Computer Sciences » Review of Computer Engineering Research » Month: 03-2017 Issue: 1
Urban Sprawl Analysis in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State Nigeria
This study analyzed spatial and temporal land use /land cover change in
Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State, north east Nigeria. This was carried
out with the use of land sat images from 1990-2015. Satellite images
were obtained from the United State Geological Survey (USGS) database
online resources. The images were georeferenced and processed.
Supervised image classification technique was employed. Ground truthing
field survey was carried out to complement information about the types
of land use and land-cover classes in the area. The change detection and
change matrixes of the classified satellite images were analyzed using
percentage to see the rate of change in a simple form. Land use maps
were obtained through supervised classifications of satellite imageries
and presented in Tables. The findings of the study show that Jalingo
Metropolis has witnessed unprecedented spatial growth over the years.
The town has grown from 6.01km2 in 1990 to 55.7km2 in 2005 and 101.16 in
2015. This growth was as a result of change in the status of the
metropolis from Local Government headquarters to state capital which
brought about the establishment of government ministries and agencies,
with wide range of opportunities. Despite the existence of master plan,
implementation has not been satisfactory for a number of reasons. This
has resulted in proliferation of haphazard and uncontrolled development
(including slums and squatters), environmental degradation, lack of
basic amenities and transportation problems within and around the town.
The study recommends the need to update the urban database of Jalingo
town using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques to plan and monitor urban
land use changes in the area. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies that maps urban sprawl in the
study area. This helps to anticipate the likely danger of urban sprawl
and the rate of urban expansion in the area. Energy & Environmental Sciences » Review of Environment and Earth Sciences » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 2
Zoning of Natural and Man-Made Disasters for Relief and Rescue Centers Site Selection Using the Model Logic (Case Study: Guilan Rural Area)
Guilan Province with vast forest resources and abundant rainfall which
sometimes causes flooding, fires, road accidents and earthquakes,
besides its tourist attraction, high population density and dispersion
of rural areas has faced with the problems that necessitate emergency
response centers against unexpected disaster with a balanced and
equitable access. In order to select stationary and mobile station sites
the potential risks were identified at first and then danger zones were
determined. Nine major risks including floods, earthquakes, mass
movements, fires, road accidents, snow and blizzards, marine incidents,
avalanches and war were paired compared using Analytical Hierarchy
Process (AHP). Then proper sites were determined based on required
standards for establishing relief and rescue centers using the model
LOGIC. Finally, 49 and 34 points were proposed for establishing
stationary and mobile centers, respectively. Also the radius of
effective range for each center was calculated based on a maximum
response time to the incident. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which can be used as a template to
optimal site selection for relief and rescue centers in rural areas of
the Province. Energy & Environmental Sciences » Review of Environment and Earth Sciences » Month: 06-2017 Issue: 1
Granulometric Study of the Lokoja Sandstone, Mid Niger Basin, Nigeria
Grain size studies of the Campanian-Maastrichtian Lokoja Formation have
been investigated. The sand particles exhibit low sphericity which are
angular to sub-angular. Histograms showed unimodal and bimodal trends
and is predominantly asymmetrical with varying modal class, which may be
due to variation in transporting medium energy. The graphic mean ranges
from 0.1ф (coarse grained) to 1.35ф (medium grained) while the is
average 0.81ф (coarse grained). The dominance of coarse grained
particles and dearth of fine sands implies strong to moderate energy
conditions during deposition. The standard deviation ranges from
0.08ф-0.60ф (very well sorted to moderately well sorted); average of
0.40ф (well sorted), which may be due to rapid back and forth movement
of the depositing medium. The skewness ranges between -0.39 and 0.59
(strongly coarse skewed to strongly fine skewed), while the graphic
kurtosis ranges between 0.77 and 2.5 indicating playtykurtic to very
leptokurtic and this variation may be due to some of the deposits being
sorted in high-energy environment elsewhere. A Bivariate plot (simple
skewness vs. standard deviation) shows the samples plotting mainly in
the river sand zone. Another plot of mean size vs. standard deviation
also shows the samples appearing in the river sand zone; other
granulometric parameters that discriminates between river channel
deposits, overbank deposits and overbank-pool deposits shows that the
Lokoja sandstones plotted in the river channel zone. Linear discriminant
analyses signpost a shallow marine beach environment. From the Passega
diagram, majority of the samples plotted outside the featured fields,
only three samples plotted within the diagnostic parameter zone around
the uniform suspension-SR zone. Contribution/ Originality
The study contributes to the existing literature on the sandstone facies
of the Lokoja Formation in the Mid Niger Basin based on granulometric
parameters to establish the depositional environment of the sandstone
and sedimentary process that occurred during deposition. Energy & Environmental Sciences » Review of Environment and Earth Sciences » Month: 06-2017 Issue: 1
The Multi-Parameter on-Line Monitoring System Applied for Rotating Machinery
The paper deals with the designed multi-parameter on-line monitoring
system for rotating machinery based on LonWorks Technology. It analyzes
the basic theoretical assumptions for its design with the usage of
artificial intelligence elements. Moreover, it provides the description
of applications of the new monitoring system to production systems of
the flexoprinting machines and the small hydroelectric power plant. The
effects are in the economy field, i.e. minimization of the production
breakdown due to failures, and in the field of environment protection.
Thus a modern maintenance characterized by minimizing the costly
unscheduled downtime and unexpected breakdowns is presented. Contribution/ Originality
The study presents the usage of the new and developing monitoring system
named Oktalon characterized by on-line regime. The paper's primary
contribution is presentation of the successful approach that allows
preventing the undesirable breakdowns in production using the rotary
motion. The descriptions of system implementations provide system's
advantages and benefits. Engineering » Review of Industrial Engineering Letters » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 2
Evaluation and Quantification of Electromagnetic Field Distribution for Different Configurations of Aeronautical Materials
The electromagnetic field distributions are of great importance in
various engineering applications, especially in aeronautical industry
due to the presence of the communication systems, the embarked radars
and antennas as well as the electric circuits and components on aircraft
that requires to take account of the influence of these devices on
their environment and in particular of their interactions with the
material. This paper shows how electromagnetic field distributes across
different aeronautical materials. This problem is solved using
computational electromagnetic, such as the finite elements method, to
resolve Maxwell’s equations through the problem geometry using an
in-house code developed during this work. Obtained results enable to
calculate the field values in any place of the studied geometry and
determinate the related physical parameters. Results show that
parameters such as material properties, used frequency and sample
dimensions have a strong influence on the field distribution. This
dependence could have important consequences to characterize and
optimize conditions to choose materials used in electromagnetic
applications. For particular cases these results are compared with
open-source codes. The results are very similar with a good precision
which enables to use the developed code to carry out simulations for
other geometries of materials with different proprieties. Contribution/ Originality
The paper's primary contribution is presentation of new and developed
CEM code characterized by capability to calculate and quantify the
electromagnetic fields in various regimes. This study contributes in the
existing literature by increasing the advantages to apply FEM method
analysis to more comprehend electromagnetic problems. Engineering » Review of Industrial Engineering Letters » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 2
Simulation of the Performance of CdTe/CdS/ZnO Multi- Junction Thin Film Solar Cell
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Review of Information Engineering and Applications
Multi-junction solar cell layers containing CdTe/CdS/ZnO photovoltaic
cells were created using SCAP 1D software using parameters based on the
previous theoretical characterization to determine the significance
effect on the optimization in terms of efficiency on the solar cell.
The simulation of the models were carried out by varying the band gap
and thickness of the absorber layer and subsequently formulate model
equation using regression analysis to determine the efficiency and fill
factor at any given value. Result shows that increase in the thickness
of absorber layer increases fill factor, current density and open
voltage from 83.74- 84.77, 26.26 -28.85mA/cm2, 0.71- 0.73, 15.51 -17.82%
that ultimately resulted in a high efficiency of solar cell while
increase in band-gap of the absorber layer reduces efficiency of the
solar cell. Model equation gives errors ranges between 0.026 – 0.4 for
thickness and efficiency, 0.0068 – 0.078 for thickness and fill factor
and 0.003 – 0.2 for band gap and efficiency. The study shows that large
thickness of absorber layer and low band gap favor the optimization and
model equations can be used to estimate/forecast the efficiency and fill
factor within the limit of the variable parameters and this offers
better direction for laboratory experiment. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes in the existing literature that energy is an
uncompromised essential ingredient for socio-economic development and
economic growth. We have created multi-junction solar cell layers
containing CdTe/Cds/ZnO photovoltaic cells using the common SCAP ID
software with varying parameters for characterization. Simulations were
achieved by varying band gap and thickness of the absorber layer and
thereby formulating developing model equations. Model equations were
obtained using regression analysis. Yielded model equations gave minimal
errors that was adequate for the simulations resulting in higher
efficiency. Computer Sciences » Review of Information Engineering and Applications » Month: 06-2016 Issue: 1
First Report of Legionella Pneumophila Serogroup 1 Isolate from Public-Supply Water in Bangladesh
Legionella pneumophila infection is generally recognized to be
transmitted from aquatic sources to human. In Bangladesh, although
suspected cases of legionellosis were reported, epidemiology of
Legionella infection as well as water resource contamination by
Legionella spp. was almost unknown. In the current study, we screened
water samples from Dhaka, Bangladesh, for Legionella spp. One L.
pneumophila isolate was recovered from tap water of a residential hotel.
This isolate was identified as serogroup 1 by serum agglutination
reaction, and sequence type 1 (ST1) by sequence based typing. Analysis
of lipopolysaccharide synthesis cluster genes by PCR revealed lag-1 gene
was not detected in this isolate, and its predicted monoclonal antibody
subgroup was OLDA/Oxford. This is the first report of isolation and
characterization of L. pneumophila from aquatic environment in
Bangladesh. Contribution/ Originality
This study documents, as first, the existence of Legionella spp. in
water in Bangladesh that contributes to understanding possible sources
of contamination of aquatic environment by rapid urbanization in this
territory. The objective of the study is to guide to develop an
effective infection control policy in this country. Biological Sciences » The Asia Journal of Applied Microbiology » Month: 06-2016 Issue: 2
Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among People Attending A Voluntary Screening Centre in Masaka, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an emerging public health problem in Nigeria.
This study therefore determined the seroprevalence of this virus among
people of a rural settlement in Nigeria during which 600 people were
screened for HCV infection. Five ml of blood was collected from each
participant, the serum harvested and screened for anti- HCV using a
Chromatographic rapid test kit (ACON Inc. USA) according to the
manufacturer’s instructions .The overall prevalence of HCV infection in
this population was 24.2% being higher among males (23.7%) than females
(23.7%) (p? 0.05). Only Educational level had a significant association
with infection (p < 0.05). When stratified by age infection was
highest among those aged 21 -30 years (27.4%) and least among those aged
51 years and above (3.6%) (p? 0.05). Occupation and marital status also
had no statistically significant relationship with viral infection. The
24.2% infection rate reported in this population is a cause for alarm
because it means there is a high viral reservoir in the area. There is
also a high number of persons likely to have end- stage liver diseases
among these participants. The absence of identifiable risk factors is a
major challenge to prevention and control and demonstrates the need for
reevaluation of transmission routes in the locality. Screening should be
available and affordable. Contribution/ Originality
This study has contributed in documenting the prevalence of the infectin
in Masaka, Nigeria using chromatographic rapid test kit and has used
the Chi square statistical test. The study is one of the very few
studies which have investigated the prevalence of HCV infection in North
Central, Nigeria. This paper has contributed in logical analysis and in
estimating the prevalence and risk factors of the infection in Masaka.
The study documented a relatively high overall prevalence of the
infection. It is associated with educational level and not associated
with age, gender, occupation and marital status. Biological Sciences » The Asia Journal of Applied Microbiology » Month: 09-2016 Issue: 3
Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viruses among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Children Attending an Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic in Lafia, Nigeria
Nigeria has the largest burden of children living with HIV in the world
but because of antiretroviral therapy, they are living longer. However,
hepatitis B and C viruses are emerging important co-morbidities to
consider especially for management decisions. This study set out to
determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among these
children and to identify possible risk factors associated with the
infections. Two hundred HIV-infected children at an antiretroviral
treatment center were screened for Hepatitis B and C seromarkers using
rapid test kits (ABCON Laboratories Hangzhou China). Informed written
consent was obtained from their parents/guardian and information on
their sociodemographics and exposure to some possible risk factors were
obtained. A general prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C virus
in the study population was 14.0%. The prevalence of HBV was 3.0% while
HCV was 11.0% and no child was coinfected with all 3 viruses. The
HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfection prevalence of 3.0% and 11.0%
respectively is a cause for alarm. It is therefore pertinent that HIV
infected children are screened for these viruses before commencement and
during antiretroviral therapy. Contribution/ Originality
This study has contributed in documenting the prevalence of the
coinfections in Lafia, Nigeria using rapid test kits and has used the
Chi square statistical test. This study is one of the very few studies
which have investigated the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C infections
in North Central, Nigeria. The paper has contributed in logical analysis
and in estimating the prevalence and risk factors of the infections in
Lafia. The study documented a relatively high overall prevalence of the
coinfection. There is a coinfection of the 3 viruses among the study
population. Biological Sciences » The Asia Journal of Applied Microbiology » Month: 12-2016 Issue: 4
Does the Holiday Effect Differ from Religious to Non-Religious Holidays? Empirical Evidence from Egypt
This study aims to investigate the presence of holiday effect on the
Egyptian Exchange (EGX) over the period 2010 to 2015. It utilizes daily
data of the EGX30 index prices and trading volumes and applies dummy
variables OLS regression. Three types of holidays are examined those
being, secular, Islamic, and Christian, and those, in turn, are
disaggregated into their individual components. The findings reveal that
there are differences in the behavior of stock prices between holidays.
While the secular and Islamic holidays are mainly associated with
positive pre-holiday returns, the Christian holidays are associated with
positive post-holiday returns. Disaggregating these holidays into their
individual components reveals that the Police Day holiday, Eid Al-Fitr
holiday and Eastern Christmas holiday are the major holidays driving the
secular, Islamic and Christian holidays’ effect respectively.
Interestingly, the results obtained when the trading volume is used do
not support the presence of a holiday effect on trading volume. The
findings could have important implications for developing profitable
investment strategies in periods of holidays. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to the literature in that it examines the holiday
effect using disaggregated data of secular, Islamic, and Christian
holidays with the aim of examining whether the holiday effect differs
between religious and non-religious holidays and between Islamic and
Christian ones. Economics » The Economics and Finance Letters » Month: 03-2016 Issue: 3
The Relationship between Currency Conversions and International Business Transactions: Small Businesses and Travelers
This research looks at currency conversions and how it affects
international business transactions especially small businesses and
travelers. The idea is to show the discrepancy of currency conversion
and the factors that do affect currency conversion in any given time for
a business person or a traveler. In order to increase small business
and traveler’s awareness when it comes to doing business abroad, it is
imperative to understand the currency conversions, its implications, and
the commitments needed to protect investments and value of the
conversion exchange. Research shows that small businesses have little or
no adequate knowledge of currency conversions. The paper research
questions are: (1) Do foreign exchange rates uncertainty reduce the
incentive of travelers and small business owners from transacting
business abroad? (2) Is it necessary for travelers and small business
owners to understand the relevance of foreign exchange rates and risks
management? Contribution/ Originality
This study documents a rule of thumb that the main objective of
businesses is to maximize profits and minimize costs. It illustrates
that the knowledge of currency conversions is very vital to all small
business practitioners. Economics » The Economics and Finance Letters » Month: 04-2016 Issue: 4
Comparing Patatin Class I and Camv 35s Promoters in Expression of Human Calcitonin Gene in Potato (Solanum Tuberosum Cvs. Kardal And Marfona)
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: The International Journal of Biotechnology
Calcitonin (CT), a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone is a powerful and
specific inhibitor of bone resorption and is used to treat several human
diseases like hypercalcemia and osteoporosis. To date, many
pharmaceutical proteins of mammalian origin have been synthesized in
plants. To increase the production level of heterologous proteins in
plants, strategies such as choice of stronger promoters and optimization
of codon usage are of major concern. In this study, a human calcitonin
(hCT) gene, driven by two different promoters (Patatin Class I and
Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S) was expressed in two types of potato's
cultivars (cvs) Kardal and Marfona plants, using Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation. The transgenic plants were analyzed by molecular methods
and hCT concentration was determined by quantitative EASIA. The results
showed the localization of hCT production in Kardal potato tubers led
to 0.7% of total soluble proteins whiles total soluble protein was 0.2%
when CaMV 35S promoter was deployed, these results of Marfona when used
Patatin Class I and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoters were 0.3% of
the total soluble protein and 0.1% of the total soluble protein in the
respect. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using analytical
statistics. There was significant difference in mean score of hCT
production when two different promoters and two different cultivars were
used. These results showed that organ specific expression in potato led
to nearly 3 fold higher hCT accumulation than constitutive expression
and Kardal cultivar expressed hCT about 2 times higher than Marfona
cultivar. Contribution/ Originality
The paper's primary contribution is finding that the expression of
foreign gene under the control of organ specific promoter is more than
constitutive promoter in transgenic potato. This study is one of very
few studies which have investigated on the effect of two different
potato plant cultivars for heterologous gene expression level. Biological Sciences » The International Journal of Biotechnology » Month: 04-2016 Issue: 4
Abstract