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Metal complexes of copolymers based on poly(acrylic acid), poly(4-vinylpyridine) and poly(1-vinylimidazole) plasma grafted onto films of poly(tetrafluoroethene) were prepared by complex formation with solutions of salts of FeCl3.6H2O, CuCl2.2H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, VOSO4.5H2O and Na2MoO4.2H2O at room temperature. The introduction of metal ions was found to depend mainly on the degree of grafting of acrylic acid, 4-vinylpyridine and 1-vinylimidazole and was from 1.1 tо 6.5 mg metal ion/g polymer carrier. The studies carried out by IR spectroscopy, Moessbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance proved the preparation of metal complexes. Contribution/ Originality This study documents the investigation of surface modification on poly(tetrafluoroethene) films with argon plasma treatments, followed by graft polymerization. The copolymers with grafted nanolayers were obtained. The complexation was performed and the structures of the systems were suggested. The metal complexes can be used as catalytic centers in organic reactions. Chemistry & Materials Sciences » International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research » Month: 07-2014 Issue: 7
Nigerian Pidgin in a Multicutural Nation: Challenges, Reflections and Realities
Languages in multicultural societies (such as Nigeria) have always been an issue of great concern to scholars. Nigeria is a country with linguistic fragmentation, it is made up of diverse ethnic groups with three as major groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) and the majority of the other groups have the minority status. The smaller ethnic groups often do not accept other tribe’s indigenous languages as a replacement of theirs. There is thus an inducement in the use of Nigerian Pidgin (NIGP) for ease of interaction/communication. Nigerian Pidgin was acquired from foreigners in an attempt to communicate with English language speakers. It was used by few people who had contact with the colonizers. Thus the contact between English and the various indigenous languages in Nigeria increased the use of this language. In order words Nigerian Pidgin developed as a result of the need for communication between two or more groups without a common language. This paper therefore examines the linguistic situation in Nigeria, the Nigerian language policy, language contact, Nigerian Pidgin and multilingualism and concludes by reaffirming the need to encourage the continuous use of Nigeria Pidgin for those in multicultural societies because every language is important and has survival right. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the challenges and realities on Nigerian Pidgin expansion and usage. It uses new methodology to present its emphasis on the influences of language contact in multilingual and multicultural environments. Hence there were examples of reduplications, substitutions borrowing and more. Social Sciences » Humanities and Social Sciences Letters » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 4
On Mathematical Model for the Study of Traffic Flow on the High Ways
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Mathematical Research
This paper presents mathematical model for the study of traffic flow on the highways. The effect of the density of cars on the overall interactions of the vehicles along a given distance of the road was investigated. We also observed that the density of cars per mile affects the net rate of interaction between them. Contribution/ Originality
This study uses new estimation methodology to determine the effect of the density of cars on the overall inSteractions of the vehicles along a given distance of the road. Arts and Education » International Journal of Mathematical Research » Month: 06-2014 Issue: 3
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Employment: A Case of Province of Punjab, Pakistan
Foreign direct investment is considered a significant source of capital inflows in developing countries. Along with its several impacts, FDI also influences the employment level of the host country. This study investigated the impact of foreign direct investment on employment in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. We employed the annual data from 1984-2010 to test this relationship. The stationary of the variables was checked by applying ADF test. To find the relationship among variables, we applied ARDL approach. We found existence of co-integration between FDI and employment. Results also illustrated a significant long run direct relationship between variables. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes in the existing literature by looking into the FDI-employment relationship from provincial perspective. To best of our knowledge, such type of study in case of Province of Punjab has not been conducted. Further, it highlights whether increasing FDI in Punjab affects employment or not. Thence, findings of the study can be useful in devising the economic policies related to employment and foreign direct investment in Punjab province. Economics » The Economics and Finance Letters » Month: 04-2014 Issue: 4
Geographic Information System (GIS) and Its Application in Urban Planning and Environment
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Geography and Geology
Using satellite data and GIS, the location of various urban land uses, including new methods for locating is quick. This study, based on a method of analysis - descriptive, and benefit from the resources in this area to assess the effectiveness of GIS in urban planning and environment, is discussed, and attempted to make a clear point of view, this can provide. Our results indicate that, nowadays, several researchers, from capabilities of GIS are used for localization. Because GIS is able to analyze large amounts of data layers is. Use of GIS in urban planning, with the rapid expansion of cities and increased levels of SAM binding information that must be processed for urban management, is clear. Abnormal location for the development of suitable sites for the establishment of urban green spaces, places for waste disposal and land evaluation, and its features and many other environmental issues, it can be pointed out. Contribution/ Originality
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities and limitations sustainable rural development in the Kermanshah district, is. Kermanshah district is, the one of Kermanshah city in the Kermanshah Province, located in the West of Iran. Province with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, the seventeenth province of Iran, the extent of. Reviews features and capabilities of the rural Kermanshah district, in order to achieve sustainable development goals of the study is considered. To assess the capabilities and limitations of sustainable rural development, Kermanshah district, the Model " driving force ( pressure), - the status quo - Response " (PSR), with emphasis on economic factors, is employed. In order to sustain economic factors are the factors that leads to rural development in a period of sustained economic terms, and the amount of economic and social prosperity for farmers and villagers to create. In the model used, studied over 10 indicators, such as access to water resources, food security, adequate income and permanent farmer’s share of manufactured exports, etc. have been studied. To calculate the index, data from the Statistical Center of Iran and the Ministry of Agriculture has been used. The results of the model used, the indicators used, show that stability, rural development, agricultural activities down to reliance has been, and continues to the present situation cannot be sustainable development for rural areas surveyed have. One of the main reasons for this instability, the increasing cost of agricultural production, on the one hand, and the low prices of the other party, which has caused the value added of this sector was low and income from agricultural activities 30 percent of total rural income ), not sustainable rural development, to be held. Contribution/ Originality
Tourism in Nigeria could be a big business; however, the nation has not capitalized on it. When 30 black mayors from American cities came to Lagos for the Black Heritage Festival, a carnival parade followed by some traditional culture and a visit to Badagry, a former slave-exporting port; the then governor of Lagos State, appealed to the mayors for advice on how to attract American tourists. Nigeria is considered the largest black nation in the world, with the total population at 170,123,740 (million) people last recorded in July 2012 (Indexmundi. Com, 2012) and 250 languages; she is rich in oil, gas, and other natural resources such as gold, diamond, animal games, tropical rain forests, savannah grasslands, mangrove swamps and the shale savannah near the Sahara, and diverse culture. Being strategically located at the end of eastern part of West Africa, she is equally rich in tourism; nevertheless, the tourism industry in Nigeria is experiencing no growth, because of some fundamental problems. Therefore, this paper is to offer possible business (marketing) solutions on how tourism could be promoted in this nation, so as to have an impact on the economy. Contribution/ Originality
Homegardens are defined as a system of production of diverse plant species, which can be adjacent to household or slightly further away and is easily accessible. Wood production and management systems of Kaffa homegardens are poorly known. The study was conducted to assess the wood production and farmers’ strategy of managing woody species in Gimbo district, South West Ethiopia. A complete homegarden woody species inventory was carried out to collect vegetation data, while simple random sampling was used to select sample households within wealth categories. From two purposely selected sites, a total of 120 households were selected for interview and vegetation data collection. Semi-structured interviews, direct observation and focus group discussions were employed to gather information on farmers’ strategy of managing woody species. The DBH of all trees and shrubs ≥ 5cm was measured. The mean number of stems per garden was 34, ranging between 6 to 99. Wealth status of the household influenced the wood production of homegardens. At all studied villages, the largest number of stems per garden was recorded on gardens of wealthy households. Various trees and shrubs are managed on the same piece of land. About 92% of the respondents have retained different woody species in their homegardens while converting the original forest to settlement areas. Some woody species like Millettia ferruginea, Vernonia amygdalina, Ficus sur, Croton macrostachyus and Sapium ellipticum were more frequently retained than others. In general, the reasons for planting woody species were income generation, shade and fruit, in increasing importance order. About 96 % of the respondents did practice different types of management activities for the woody species they owned. The common management practices carried out in the homegardens were thinning, pruning, fertilizing, watering, protection, coppicing and lopping. However, only 2% of the respondents did practice compost preparation. Diseases of coffee and fruit trees were the major problem faced by the farmers in woody species management. Therefore, it is recommended that appropriate intervention either through research or extension has to take place in order to reduce the impacts. Contribution/ Originality
Moreover, this study is one of very few studies which have investigated relevant information in order to ensure the conservation, management and sustainable utilization of woody resources in particular and the biodiversity as a whole. Engineering » International Journal of Natural Sciences Research » Month: 10-2014 Issue: 10
Development and Study of Hybrid Solar and Wind Energy Systems
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Review of Energy Technologies and Policy Research
In the paper is about the realization of autonomous and periodic electricity supply due to the hybrid solar and wind energy system. For this purpose the hybrid system settled in Baku city and Gusar region were firstly studied in the Republic. Initially average annual solar and wind energy potentials of Baku city and Gusar region have been measured. Seperately and together average monthly and annual energy production of hybrid solar and wind energy plant were determined. Contribution/ Originality
In this paper soil-blade investigation of a rotary tiller in a controlled soil bin is presented. Among the soil cutting agricultural tools currently used, the rotary tiller is one of the most promising equipment, saving operating time and labor. In a rotary tiller working tool is always a blade. For the tillage systems, accurately predicting the required torque and penetration force while cutting of soil with a blade is of prime importance as far as the farming operation is concerned. In the tillage operation almost 50% of total farm power is utilized. Draft require for tillage depend on the soil strength and moisture contents along with compactness. So tillage should be done at such a moisture content and soil strength where minimum power will be consumed. This moisture content and soil strength is the optimized value. It is needed to evaluate optimum values of these two important parameters for every type of soil before tillage operation to decrease the loss of power. Thus in this paper an investigation with regards to moisture content and soil strength which affects penetration resistance force and toque while soil cutting through a rotary tiller blade and has been presented. Contribution/ Originality
A digital solar radiation measuring instrument has been designed, constructed and calibrated. It incorporates a small rectangular silicon photocell as the sensor. On exposure to solar radiation, electromotive force which is proportional to radiation intensity is developed within the circuit. The device correlates voltage developed with available solar intensity. A standard solarimeter was therefore used to calibrate the device to translate the unit of its reading from Volt to Watt per square meter. Intensity spread obtained with respect to time of day agrees with various studies conducted previously on tropical environments. Results obtained generally conform with those obtained by Medugu, et al. [1] and Chiemeka [2]). With a calibration conversion factor of 877.19(V – 1.71) Wm-2, the device can be used to collect reliable irradiace data which are both comparable and compatible with that of a standard solarimeter. Contribution/ Originality
Parasitic worms of difference species were obtained from cockroaches examined in Odau, a community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. One thousand (1000) cockroaches were caught from households (one hundred), randomly selected within the community. The helminths were identified as Trichuris trichuria.(N=313; 2O.6%); Ancylostoma duodenale (N=368; 24.4); Ascaris lumbricoides (N=571;36.6%); Strongylloides stecoralis(N=173;11.4%); and Trichostrongylous sp.(N=93; 6.1%). Seven hundred and ninety one (79.1%) out of the cockroaches, had parasitic helminths. The total number of parasites isolated was one thousand, five hundred and eighteen (1,518). The rate of occurrence of Ascaris sp. in the cockroaches was significantly higher (p<0.05) compare to the other parasites. The abundance of helminth parasitic species in the cockroaches examined in the present study indicate that the environment may not be in good sanitary condition. If this level of association between cockroaches and helminth parasites is maintained, the transmission of parasitic agents/diseases especially to humans in the area will increase. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of the very few studies which have investigated cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), in line with its association with helminths, found to be parasitic to the humans especially, in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The parasites extracted from the cockroaches can cause diseases which are easily transmitted to people within the community, especially, where the sanitary condition is low. Engineering » International Journal of Natural Sciences Research » Month: 10-2014 Issue: 10
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Dzindi River, In Limpopo Province, South Africa
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Natural Sciences Research
This study was carried out to evaluate the current water quality of Dzindi River in Limpopo Province, South Africa. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity were measured using a pH meter, EC and TDS multimeter and a turbidimeter respectively. The water samples were collected from four different sampling points along the river and digested with concentrated nitric acid in a fume cupboard. The concentrations of the selected heavy metals (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were determined in triplicate using a Perkin Elmer Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The pH values (7.47-7.53) from the sampling sites were lower than what is recommended by the Department of Water and Forestry (DWAF) guidelines of South Africa. The EC and TDS values obtained (30-133 mS/cm and 20.10-89.11 mg/l) were within the recommended guideline of DWAF. Turbidity values (4.61-25.82 NTU) exceeded the recommended level of ≤1NTU for domestic water use. The average concentrations of all the metals investigated were higher than the recommended levels of DWAF for the protection of aquatic life and domestic water use except copper. The order of heavy metal contamination followed the trend: Fe (1.33 mg/l) >Al (0.3 mg/l)>Mn (0.15 mg/l) >Zn (0.10 mg/l) >Cr (0.06 mg/l)>Cu (0.05 mg/l)> Pb (0.03 mg/l). Results from this investigation reveals that Dzindi River is contaminated with heavy metals and should not be used for domestic purposes without treatment due to the probable health effects it may have on the user, but it is suitable for irrigation purposes. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated heavy metal concentrations in Dzindi River and gives a broader baseline information on the physicochemical parameters investigated. Engineering » International Journal of Natural Sciences Research » Month: 10-2014 Issue: 10
E-Retailers and Environmental Sustainability
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability
The aim of this paper is to offer an exploratory review of the extent to which the world’s leading e-retailers are communicating the environmental impact of their business and their environmental sustainability agendas to their customers. The paper draws its empirical material from the most recent information on environmental sustainability posted on the world’s leading e-retailers’ corporate web sites. The findings reveal that the majority of the world’s leading e-retailers publicly report on their commitment to environmental sustainability which embraces climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency, waste management, water management, bio-diversity and nature conservation. However the authors argue that these commitments can be interpreted as being driven as much by business imperatives and the search for efficiency gains as by any genuine commitment to environmental sustainability and that they are couched within existing business models centred on continuing growth. As such E-retailers are currently pursuing a ‘weak’ rather than a ‘strong’ model of sustainability. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to the existing literature on retailing and sustainability by offering an exploratory review of the extent to which the world’s leading E-retailers are communicating their environmental sustainability commitments to their customers and the authors argue that these commitments are driven by efficiency gains. Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 07-2014 Issue: 7
Corporate Governance, Sustainability and Capital Markets Orientation
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability
Generally accepted principles of effective corporate governance have taken hold in the context of different models of governance, whose implementation is also linked to the share structure of the companies and to the dynamics of risk’s capital markets. Global companies need a global approach in the acquisition of consensus and financial resources, first of all through a correct development of the corporate governance activities and promoting a market-driven management inspired by long-term sustainable development. In this context, the growing importance of sustainability and the concept of global responsibility in the relationships with stakeholders join together with the convergence of corporate governance rules, reducing the gap between insider and outsider systems. This paper, by means of a research on the first ten most capitalised companies listed in countries characterized by different capital market orientation and corporate governance models (Usa, UK, Germany, France and Italy), aims to underlines the relations between these two to deepen the requisites for a more effective and sustainable governance. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes in the existing literature to emphasize the importance of corporate governance approaches inspired on sustainability in the capital markets. A governance oriented to sustainability implies significant changes in the relationships with company’s stakeholders, shareholders in particular, promoting a trend of convergence between insider and outsiders systems. Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 08-2014 Issue: 8
Positioning Mauritius as a Knowledge Hub in the Context of Globalisation
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Education and Practice
Knowledge is the most valued commodity in the global economy. Since 2005, it has been proposed to develop Mauritius into a knowledge hub and a centre of higher learning, thus meeting the needs of an increasingly competitive, knowledge-based and globalised economy. Therefore, this paper provides an understanding of the higher education system in Mauritius. Secondly, it explores the interconnection between globalisation and higher education in Mauritius. Thirdly, it also focuses the challenges facing the higher education institutions and policies in Mauritius in this globalised era. For the purpose of this study, both primary and secondary data have been collected. A qualitative research has been privileged, whereby semi-structured interviews have been carried out mainly with the higher education policy makers and professional. In this age of globalisation, the landscape of higher education across the world is in the midst of massive economic, financial and technological change. Mauritius cannot be isolated from the globalisation process, has no options but to take advantage of the process and adapt itself as an island state to its challenges. The main findings of this study have shown that the globalisation process is reshaping the higher education institutions. Since turning Mauritius into a knowledge hub is of key importance in this globalised era, various issues such as building a strong university sector and world class institutions, investing in research and development, creating a highly-skilled environment for transferring knowledge between the university sector and business, the use of technology, internationalisation of tertiary education and regional partnerships have been addressed. Contribution/ Originality
This paper contributes to a better understanding of the higher education system in an island economy in an increasingly globalised context, especially in the African continent. This study is also one of the very few studies which have investigated the challenges facing the higher education policies and institutions in Mauritius. Arts and Education » International Journal of Education and Practice » Month: 07-2014 Issue: 7
Eccentric Connectivity Index of Some Special Molecular Graphs and Their R-Corona Graphs
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Chemical and Process Engineering Research
In this paper, we determine the eccentric connectivity index and augmented eccentric connectivity index of fan graph, wheel graph, gear fan graph, gear wheel graph and their r-corona graphs. Contribution/ Originality
A series of monoazo disperse dyes has been prepared by diazotizing 2-amino-4(-4-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)-5-methyl-thiophene-3- carboxylic acid ethylester and coupling with N, N-bis (2-cynoethyl) aniline, 3-acetylamino-N,N-diethylaniline and 3-hydroxyl-N,N-dimethyl aniline. The monoazo disperse dyes were characterized by infra red spectra studies. Visible absorption spectra of the dyes were examined in various solvents. The electronic absorption spectra covers a λmax range of 550-650 nm at uniformly high absorption intensity between 2.3 × 104 - 9.2 × 104 l mol-1cm-1. These dyes were applied at 5 % depth on nylon 6.6 fabrics and gave bright intense hues of purple and orange. The colour parameters of the dyed fabrics were measured and the dyes have excellent exhaustion between 79-92 % for nylon 6.6 fabrics, more intense and of very good wash fastness property on nylon 6.6 fabrics. The remarkable degree of levelness and brightness after washing is indicative of good penetration and excellent affinity of these dyes for the nylon 6.6 fabric. Contribution/ Originality
The study is one of very few studies which have investigated the use of thiophene amino compounds in the synthesis of disperse dyes. The new dyes synthesised showed excellent exhaustion, ranging from 79-92% on nylon 6.6 fabrics. The dyed fabric also showed very good levelness and excellent washfastness and can therefore be exploited for commercial dyeing. Chemistry & Materials Sciences » International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research » Month: 07-2014 Issue: 7
Photoluminescence Characteristics of the Caal2o4: Eu2+ Co-Doped With Ion Dy3+ Synthesized By Combustion Method
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research
The phosphors of CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ with varying concentrations were synthesized by combustion method. The monoclinic single phase structure of CaAl2O4 was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The emission spectra of phosphors had a broad band with maximum at 444 nm due to electron transition from the 4f65d1 to the 4f7 of Eu2+ ion and a small peak at 575 nm due to 4F9/2 6H13/2 transition of Dy3+ ions. The excitation spectra and the decay time of phosphors were investigated also. The phosphors of CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ had long persistence luminescence. In these phosphors, Eu2+ ions play the role of activators. Whereas, Dy3+ ions generate the hole traps that lead to the long persistent phosphorescence and act as the activators in the phosphors simultaneously. The concentration of Dy3+ ion co-doped has strong influence on the luminescence of phosphor. Contribution/ Originality
In this paper, we determine the Randic index and edge eccentric connectivity index of fan molecular graph, wheel molecular graph, gear fan molecular graph, gear wheel molecular graph, and their r-corona molecular graphs. Contribution/ Originality
Abstract