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This paper undertakes an assessment of the extent of professional support that the teachers of History and Government subject are accorded by the schools’ management. The study investigated the challenges of teaching History and Government in Kenyan secondary schools as experienced by teachers in Wareng District, located in the North Rift region of Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Simple and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 120 respondents from the History and Government teachers of the secondary schools in the study area. Questionnaires, interview and observation schedules were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. These comprised frequencies and percentages. Data collected was presented using tables. The study revealed that there was inadequate support in the acquisition and purchasing of instructional materials for teaching the subject, teacher recruitment issues, provision of funds for seminars and workshops, and rewarding of high performing teachers. Most teachers also reported underestimation of the importance of History and Government subject by the head teachers of their school. The study recommends the need for professional managerial support to the teaching of history and government in secondary schools. The findings of this study are intended to benefit the school management, teaching staff, educational planners and other stake-holders in identifying the challenges faced by teachers and adopting concerted efforts to overcome them. Contribution/ Originality
To optimize the financial system is exceptionally important to achieve an effective balance between revenues and expenditures of all-the central, regional and local budgets. Socio-economic development of regions cannot be accomplish without financial relations. "Fiscal federalism" multilateral and, respectively complex mechanism, which describes the financial device of rights and obligations between the "center" and "region", the rules of their relationship at all stages of the budget process, regulatory and legislative methods of budgetary resources redistribution. In the process of formation, distribution and exercising of public finances socio- economic relations between the State, legal entities and individuals are build and at the same time subjective interests are realized. Contribution/ Originality
With the key intent of stimulating entrepreneurial spirit among the workforce, this paper identifies the diverse entrepreneurial qualities required to propel the entrepreneurial spirit unremittingly. These relevant personal skills and strategies of New Venture Creation further aid in the successful creation and subsequent maintenance of an entrepreneur business. Prior to application of the identified skills, this paper vividly demonstrates the importance of such skills to any entrepreneurial business entity. This helps in New Venture Creation whilst aiding the businesses’ sustainability. Therefore, the through proper application of the knowledge attained as well as skills identified, the entrepreneur manages to depict dynamism by consistently exploring different entrepreneurial opportunities. Although these skills tremendously boost the entrepreneur’s spirit, they also create opportunities for the business to explore new and diverse opportunities thus circling back to enhancing entrepreneurial spirit. Furthermore, the paper seeks to make out the possible ways of constantly improving these entrepreneurial skills and in turn encouraging their adoption and consequent utilization among workforce. Further incorporation of knowledge attained from research projects on organizational climate, management support and reward and resource availability similarly focuses the paper to invigorating entrepreneurial spirit among workforce. Contribution/ Originality
Many scholars from the developing world argue that globalization is a weapon of imperialism used to perpetuate the income and welfare gap between developing and developed countries. This study joins an emerging stream of studies calling for a holistic re-examination of the impact of globalization on developing countries to understand both the positive and negative contributions instead of have a one-sided view of globalization. Employing a quantitative design with a survey strategy, data for this study was collected from 130 human resources personnel across six multinational firms spanning: oil, banking, and manufacturing sectors of the Nigerian economy. Inferential analysis of collected data found significant positive contributions of globalization towards personnel training and development. In particular, findings show that globalization has increased the frequency and methods of trainings, increased use of e-trainings and certifications, and uniform design of training programmes across the subsidiaries of MNCs globally. All these were found to reduce the physical incidence of personnel going abroad to study reducing both brain-drain and expenses to domestic companies and governments. Contribution/ Originality
This paper examines how infrastructure will play a vital role in the realization of Nigeria’s Vision 20: 2020. The objective is to assess the adequacy of Nigerian infrastructural base as a pre-requisite to the realization of the laudable Vision 20:2020. It is expected that Nigerian government will use the result of this study to evaluate Nigeria’s infrastructure so that appropriate steps can be taken to address the palpable deficit in infrastructure. The study used data from secondary source of published materials from credible internet web sites to analyze the current Nigerian situation. The results of the study reveal that though the project of Vision 20:2020 is grandiose, there seems to be a lack of corresponding will to achieve the ideals of the Vision as evident in the deficit in our transport infrastructure, electricity power generation and technological impetus as shown by the standards of Nigerian tertiary education (universities and others). The study therefore recommends amongst others that: there should be sufficient fiscal discipline, transparency, good governance and accountability to ensure that there is adequate commitment to the Vision: the transport infrastructure should be expanded and upgraded, with provision made for their maintenance; Nigeria should take concerted steps to address the problem of power generation and distribution, and Nigerian tertiary education should be restructured. Contribution/ Originality
In the midst of Malaysia to become developed nation by the year 2020, there are many strategies implemented, including to encourage the usage of public transportation and carbon reduction. This research study was undertaken to determine the service quality level performance of supporting employees of the public transport as provided to the bus and train users in Klang Valley in Malaysia in effort to explore the level of quality for attracting more users. Questionnaire survey was conducted on users within two pre-determined localities in the capital city. A multi-stage approach was used where data were collected primarily through survey questionnaires. This was supported through semi-structured interviews with selected individuals and site observation of facilities provided and staff-customer interaction. Analysis of findings generally suggested that the service quality performance level generally was considered as ‘average’ for a number of soft trait dimensions. All these dimensions are personal interaction between the staff and the users. What emerged from the findings also suggested that there was a wide gap between service given and what is perceived and expected by the users. Such instances suggested that the service provided by the staff has yet to be considered as achieving excellent quality service level from the viewpoint of the users. As such, considerable improvement was needed to enhance the attitudes and behaviors of the staff to a level of service that would certainly satisfy and delight the users. Contribution/ Originality
This paper challenges orthodox higher management education provided in South Africa. The reflections explored here are of a democratic and ethical nature: Democratic as it promotes a more inclusive concept of management education; and ethical because the new principles informing management action should explicitly address the welfare of the disenfranchised. Drawing from Freire’s critical pedagogy, this paper proposes a reorientation of managers as an integral part of citizenship and by implication custodians of our democracy. Five recommendations for future management education are offered: (1) involvement in academic activism, (2) re-presenting ethics as an integral core, (3) promoting ‘flexible’ ideological perspectives (4) engaging in contextually relevant research, and (5) participating in community projects. Contribution/ Originality
The aim of the study was to find out which factor (s) influence the HRD climate of the company. The descriptive research design was under taken with the help of the structured questionnaire to study the OCTAPACE culture of Spanco Ltd. which was based on the responses of the various levels of employees working in it. Thesample consistsof 59 employees.Employees believe that the top management gives importance to the human resource and all the employees are treated humanely in the organization. The climate is also favourable in terms of employee being handled with care by seniors as they understand the mistake and do not take any strict disciplinary action such as punishing or discouraging.There is also a fair share of management involvement in making work enjoyable. Good part of Spanco regarding HRD is that top management understands the importance of human resource and actually translates that realization into day to day practice and HR policies.In conclusion, the overall HRD climate of Spanco is encouraging. There is a keen interest of top management in HRD and there is a high team spirit and employees take training seriously. Organizational belonging of employees is also high. Despite of such positive base for HRD, HRD mechanism needs improvisation in a systematic way. Contribution/ Originality
In this article a new kind of classical computer – Landauer’s one is suggested. It is a computer which operates in agreement with Landauer’s Principle (LP). It is characterized by clock rate which is exponentially large in comparison with clock rate of classical computers. It leads to the possibility to use Landauer’s computer for solving of NP-complete problems in appropriate, i.e. polynomial time with the help of ordinary searching algorithms. Contribution/ Originality
The Several numerical techniques have been developed and compared for solving the one-dimensional and three-dimentional advection-diffusion equation with constant coefficients. the subject has played very important roles to fluid dynamics as well as many other field of science and engineering. In this article, we will be presenting the of n-dimentional and we neglect the numerical examples. Contribution/ Originality
This paper examines the dynamic relationship between stationary time series for the impact of real exchange rate on output growth and inflation in Tanzania: Zanzibar using vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The impact of the real exchange rate on economic performance in Tanzania using VAR approach shows that the main sources of variance decomposition in the volume of tourism and inflation are in their own shocks. Impulse response functions analysis show that the response generated by itself at short run and vanishing at the long run, and the inflation and number of tourism has no instantaneous impact on the first difference of real exchange rate. Variance decomposition analysis show that the impact of number of tourism arrival on real exchange rate increases monotonically to the long-run. Thus analysis show that 98 percent of the variance of number of tourism arrival is generated by its own innovations, while only 87 percent of the variance of inflation is generated by its own innovations and about 99 percent of the variance of real exchange rate generated by its own innovations. Furthermore; the real exchange rate is Granger causal to both inflation and number of tourism, while the number of tourism is Granger Causal to the inflation. Contribution/ Originality
This study is aimed at employing discriminant analysis method and classification for the purpose of achieving the assessment of a discriminant function through which we can discover the reasons of the actual difference between two groups of eggs of which the chicken were fed with different combination of feeds. Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Function (LDA) was used as a tool for the Statistical analysis. It was estimated on the basis of a sample of 96 chickens, which were classified into two groups of 48 chickens each. One group was fed with in-organic copper salt combination while the second group with organic copper salt combination. Some important attributes are measured from the eggs produced from these two groups; such as egg’s size(g) and cholesterol level(mg).The results obtained assert the efficiency of the discriminant function which we obtained and the possibility of its use for the purpose of discriminating and classifying the eggs of unknown feeds into corresponding group in future. Contribution/ Originality
Despite describing a decline in soil fertility, Northern Ghanaian smallholders have not universally adopted use of organic, sustainable soil amendments such as compost. Farmers’ decisions about whether to use compost depend on their need and ability to do so. The agroecological context of a single rainfall season with low soil organic matter means that farmers’ need to compost is a paramount factor determining their decision to do so. Rogers ‘diffusion’ model of innovation adoption, that emphasizes the role of communication, is therefore relevant. However, farmers’ ability to transport compost is constrained by a lack of financial capital, meaning there is little opportunity for the participatory extension approach that places similar importance upon need and communication. Contribution/ Originality
The objectives of this study were to find factors and environmental education models affecting the participation of people in sustainable mangrove forest management to develop and to evaluate participated environmental education model for sustainable mangrove forest management in the eastern part of Thailand. This study employed the mixed method and was divided into 3 steps. In the first step, the quantitative method was used for studying facts and factors affecting participation of people to solve mangrove deforestation. The sample sampling was used to selected the samples as household in Chanthaburi province by using multiple-step sampling method. The second step employed the qualitative method for environmental education models design. The aimed of this step were to analyze environmental education model for mangrove forest management in successful institutes and find important compositions of environmental education. In the last step, the environmental education model arranged activities according to the process and was evaluated by quantitative method for validation, efficiency, and appropriateness. Research findings revealed that: 1) Knowledge, understanding and experience in mangrove forest management were the important factors affecting to participation of people in mangrove forest management on the eastern part of Thailand. 2) The most appropriate environmental education model for mangrove forest management on the eastern part of Thailand contained the procedures and compositions as objective of environmental education model, content about mangrove forest management, workshop, evaluation and special factors. 3) Assessment of the environmental skill in sustainable mangrove forest management. It was found that the experimental group had their environmental skill after workshop were statistically different at .05 significant level. Contribution/ Originality
A trial to quantify CO2 emission by utilizing our belonging materials has been conducted. For the Polymer electrode membrane Fuel Cell (PEFC) system, the reduction of more than 23% CO2 emission was measured under a practical operation in a family of Okayama prefecture. The statistical data of the CO2 emission obtained from the student’s homes has shown that the highest CO2 emission results from the commercial electric power, then gasoline for automobile and kerosene follow thereafter, which is consistent with the trend of the average aspect in Japan. In terms of the high efficiency lighting, the plane lighting source like Organic LED is ideal in view of heat transfer, and the multiple point lighting source is more advantageous than the small number of point lighting source. Contribution/ Originality
This paper set out to support the Marx’s thesis that an economic system founded on exploitation and inequities is prone to crises. It agrees however that some assumptions of Marx have been faulted with passage of time, but maintains that Marxism remains relevant as long as its central message cannot be faulted. The methodology adopted was both historical and comparative. The historical approach was used to situate Marxism within the stream of dominant economic thought, and show how well it explains the various historical epochs from primitive era to the more recent post modern societies. The comparative approach was used to review the socialist governments in China and the defunct USSR. The outcome of both approaches point to the fact that Marxism needs to restructure itself to remain continually relevant. More importantly, neo-Marxists need to admit the possibility of change emanating simultaneously from both the political superstructure and the economic base, which among other things, make incorporation of Hegel’s phenomenology into mainstream Marxism expedient. Contribution/ Originality
Due to the relevance of SMEs in the economy of the African continent, it is relevant to re-evaluate how best to apply financial and non-financial resources to the sector, to achieve its full potentials. The investment climate and business environment within which SMEs operate are very important indices in measuring their status. This survey has examined them in Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt, Nigeria.Huge potentials exist in each of the states in regards to the contributions of SMEs to their local economies. However, due to political instability, ethnic crises, crime and corruption, the status of SMEs in Nigeria is still at the primary stage. Large amounts of resources have been spent from own-country finances, and foreign aids. But ineffective programming and inefficient implementation of policies by national, state and Local Area Government agencies have left the investment in the firms without much profit.Current polices for SMEs provide financial, technical and logistic supports. However, these policies are only well-documented than acted upon. In some instances where government officials implement any policy, they are not directed to the small investors, but to the big ones and in some cases, such implementations are done on relationship basis. This practice succeeds in Nigeria because of corrupt legal systems and the refusal of SME operators to register and participate in the activities of unions and government agencies. Though there is a risk of undue interference by the officials of these bodies, but the progress of the firms hinges basically on structured and equitable distribution of available supports. Stand alone firms do not maximize the access to government supports. When every SME registers with and attends meetings of unions and government agencies that offer necessary services to it, such businesses will be well coordinated, operators will access available support facilities and there will be internal synergy within SMEs groups through knowledge sharing and mutual logistic support. Further, corrupt government officials will be constrained in executing such practices. This is because a union of SMEs will have a voice which can be heard and respected. Contribution/ Originality
The purpose of this paper is to asses the technical efficiency (TE) and proposes a measure for irrigation water efficiency (IE) based on the concept of input-specific technical efficiency for a sample of 46 irrigators inZeuss-Koutine region (South eastern Tunisia). In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to quantify TE and IE.A major finding of the study is that the irrigation systems are clearly inefficient. Under constants returns to scale (CRS) specification, the average technical efficiency of the sample was 71.75%. A similar pattern of scores was shown for IE; although in this case the average IE was even lower (49.9%) indicating that if farmers became more efficient using the technology currently available, the same level of output can be produced using the same level of other inputs but with, on average, 50.1% less water irrigation. In a second stage, critical determinants of sub-vector efficiency are determined using a Tobit model. Education level (EDU) and agricultural training (AGT) showed a significant impact on the subvector efficiency for water. Such information is valuable for extension services and policy makers since it can help guide policies towards increased efficiency. Contribution/ Originality
In this study biomass filter of Candida Utilis which isolated from food sample in Baghdad local market and Aspergillus Niger which isolated from Baghdad soil used to biosorption heavy metals from synthesis industrial wastewater. two bio-filters were designed as cylindrical Perspex with height 10cm, diameter 3cm as a shell and inside their are layers of Sponge were prepare as the size of diameter of the cylindrical filter with thickness of 2cm arrange inside it, biomass production were 6 g of Aspergillus Niger and 5.6 g of Candida Utilis spreads between Sponges. pH, residence time, flow rate were tested as parameters, Optimum removal efficiency of Chromium, Lead, and Nickel were 89%, 90%, and 91% for Aspergillus Niger bio-filter, while it was 81%, 83%, 80% for Candida Utilis bio-filter at pH 6, residence time 10 min, flow rate 9 ml/min. Contribution/ Originality
In order to assess the water quality of Nga stream, the right tributary of Mefou, physicochemical variables were coupled to benthic macroinvertebrates communities. Physicochemical results revealed a good health status of the Nga stream, with significant differences of conductivity observed between stations and months (P < 0.05). Of the 2553 individuals collected (4 phyla, 7 classes, 15 orders, 74 families and 117 genera), Arthropods (99.25%) was dominated by the class of Hexapods (63.85%), followed by Decapods (35.41%), which were mainly predominated by Atyidae family (34.86%). Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) group (14.69%) constituted 25 families and 42 genera. EPT/Chironomidae density ratio varied significantly between stations and months (P < 0.05), while a significant correlation existed between temperature and dissolved oxygen (P < 0.05), temperature and pH, ammonia and nitrites (P < 0.05), Decapods and dissolved oxygen and Ephemeroptera and low degradable organic matter (P < 0.05). The Sorensen’s similarity coefficient expressed a close resemblance between stations Nga 1 and 3 (76.09%) and Nga 1 and 4 (77.69%). Shannon and Weaver and Pielou index revealed a diversified and equal distribution of macrozoobenthos downstream. The rank frequency diagram situated station Nga 1 at the growth phase and Nga 2, 3 and 4 at the maturation phase. The Hilsenhoff index (3.30 - 4.96) indicates good to excellent water status. The results of Nga stream could present referential characteristics used to follow up the evolution status of streams in non anthropisized zones of Cameroon. Contribution/ Originality
Abstract