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Homeless youth experience disproportionately high rates of psychological problems and substance-related disorders. Street culture provides protection and support for young people who find themselves excluded from family and socialising institutions. The aim of this review is to examine the social context of the street culture and substance use from the perspective of homeless youth. Databases searched included Cochrane, Cinahl, Medline, and PsychINFO. Search terms included homeless, youth and substance use. Twenty studies (12 quantitative and 8 qualitative) were identified. Major themes included survival and adaption to the street culture, social and human capital gains, and social networks. Street youth viewed substances as helpful for treating physical and psychological problems, and as a means of generating social capital necessary for survival in the street culture. Intervention programs should not only address the trauma and mental health issues of young people but also the context of the substance-using street culture. Contribution/ Originality
The purpose of this study is to determine the satisfaction level with the supportive services among patients in Gulhane Military Medical Faculty (GMMF) Training Hospital. The study population consisted of GMMF Training Hospital outpatients and inpatients. The "Patients Satisfaction Questionnaire" by Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey was used to gather data. Survey was completed with 587 outpatients and 218 inpatients, total 805 patients. The average level of general satisfaction of the patients in the study with regard to supportive services at hospital is 3.54±0.75. It was observed that the highest satisfaction rates in supportive services were obtained among outpatients in following criteria; "general appearance of polyclinics (cleaning, order and arrangement). They were “general appearance of the clinic (cleaning, order and arrangement)”, “cleaning of the room” and “security measures at entrances in terms of safety of the patient and the hospital" among inpatients. The least satisfactory services for outpatients were “noise level at polyclinics area" and "car park services" and for inpatients they were "hair dressing services at clinics” and “postal services". Statistically significant difference was obtained between the satisfaction levels from supportive services depending on the gender of the inpatients, ages and educational statuses of the outpatients. It was observed that improvement is required in especially “car park services”, “noise level at the polyclinics area”, “hair dressing services at clinics” and “postal services” that cause dissatisfaction or lower the satisfaction level at GMMF Training Hospital. Contribution/ Originality
This study was performed to assess utility of FNAC in normal size paediatric lymph nodes and to compare cytological findings in these normal size lymph nodes with enlarged lymph nodes. Two years retrospective study included all paediatric (age ≤ 14 years) patients referred to our department of cytopathology, for fine needle aspiration of lymph node swellings. Total 1524 lymph node FNAs were performed in 2011-12. Among these 484 (31.8%) were paediatric cases and were included in the study. Out of these cases 293 (60.5%) were normal by size and 191 (39.5%) were enlarged lymph nodes. It was observed that fine needle aspiration is more useful in large lymph node lesions than normal size lymph nodes for specific diagnosis. Still owing to small but finite possibility of finding specific lesions in normal sized lymph nodes, cytological examination of these cases is still recommended. Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding that cytological examination of normal size palpable paediatric lymph nodes is advisable owing to small but finite possibility of finding specific lesions. Medical Sciences » International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 6
Information about Simulation Software for Testing of Wireless Network
Actual network testing is time consuming and costly for researcher so Solution for this problem is that to test wireless network using open source and free software is available for that .The paper reflects the number of software availability to network model design and its performance . Many authors have worked on various QoS parameters using different service classes in WiMAX. WiMAX is wireless technology for fixed and mobile access and also known by IEEE802.16 standard .Now a day’s WiMAX is fast and suitable wireless technology for urban and rural area which can cover maximum area with minimum infrastructure. IEEE 802.16e-2005 has been developed for mobile wireless communication which is based on OFDM technology and this enables going towards the 4G mobile in the future. In this paper, simulation model based on 802.16e OFDM-PHY baseband (WIMAX) and demonstrated in simulation scenarios with QPSK to find out the best performance of physical layer for WiMAX Mobile. All the necessary conditions were implemented in the simulation according to the 802.16e OFDMA-PHY specification. The study is conducted on various quality parameters impacting the WiMAX service performance of a WiMAX network and also introduces NS3 simulation software to test WiMAX network. Contribution/ Originality
This paper contributes the literature study on network simulators availability and network model design and performance analysis using NS3 software. The contribution in the paper is based on number of nodes and their parameter which are (Design and simulation parameter, QOS) taken in to the consideration. Computer Sciences » Journal of Information » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 1
An Empirical Test on Effect of Intra-Product Trade on Regional Income Distribution: The Case of Liaoning, China
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research
This paper examines the relationship between intra-product trade and regional income distribution by empirical tests of co-integration and Granger causality with time series data from 1994 to 2013. The conclusion shows that intra-product trade and regional income distribution have a long-term equilibrium relationship. The exports of intra-product trade can significantly reduce the income gap between urban and rural residents, while the imports have a negative influence. At the meantime, the intra-product exports and imports are the one-way causal of income distribution. In addition, the capital contribution can enlarge the urban and rural income gap significantly. Education also has a negative influence, but it is non-significant. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes in the existing literature in two main areas. First, this study focuses on the effect of intra-product trade on urban and rural income gap. Second, this study does an empirical test with Liaoning China which is rarely discussed in the intra-product trade literature. Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 1
Role of Foreign Investment and External Debt in Determination of Exchange Rate
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research
The purpose of study is to observe importance and impact of the external debt and foreign investment in exchange rate of Pakistan. Ordinary Least Square and Exact Maximum Likelihood methods have been used for estimating the models. Cost of foreign debt ha Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the relationship between the inflow/outflow of foreign currencies and the exchange rate. Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Alternative Insect Pests Management in Cashew and Mango Orchards in Tanzania
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research
This study was conducted to determine the financial feasibility of African weaver ants (Oecophylla longinoda) as biological control agents in cashew and mango orchards. It was compared to chemical insecticides and control based on the experimental data in 2012/13 and 2013/14 cropping seasons. Three important discounted financial indicators were used in the study; they are the Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Three scenarios concerning the increase of costs and benefits were used. The results of the study showed that all indicators for financial feasibility analysis were positive and accepted in each treatment. In cashew, African weaver ant without feeding indicated highest NPV (TZS 32 640), BCR (2.5:1) and IRR (57%). In mango, conflicting results were observed in feasibility ranking. But African weaver ants without feeding gave highest acceptable NPV of TZS 66 926. The three scenarios showed that setting much higher costs and benefits at five percent the NPV for African weaver ant was highest than other treatments. The findings of this study suggest that African weaver ant without feeding are financially feasible to be adopted and was recommended. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the financial feasibility of using African weaver ants (Oecophylla longinoda) to provide information that help smallholder farmers making decision on appropriate alternative insect pest management in Tanzanian cashew and mango. Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2
Climate Relevant Emissions from Animal Production and Reduction Potentials
Animal production contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions (about 14.5%). The so-called Carbon Footprint (CF) considers the greenhouse gas potential of climate relevant gases (e.g., CO2 x 1; CH4 x 23; N2O x 296) and is given in CO2-eq per g or kg product or per unit edible protein. The CF may help to assess the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of foods of animal origin such as milk, meat, eggs or fish. The CF may contribute to sensitizing producers and consumers to a more resource-efficient and environmentally-friendly production, to the consumption of food of animal origin, and to avoiding food wastage. The highest CF per unit edible protein is calculated for products of growing ruminants (beef and lamb), followed by milk and pork and eggs and poultry meat with the lowest values. Discrepancies in the results of various studies are mainly explained by different system boundaries, allocation methods and computation of emissions, especially with regard to land use changes, enteric methane emissions and nitrous oxide emissions. A more standardized approach for data collection and CF-calculations would be a very useful tool to compare CF between production systems, regions and countries, and an indicator for food labelling, and is considered in the first part of this paper. The second part of the paper deals with the potential to reduce climate relevant gases from animal production. Some specific influencing factors, such as plant and animal breeding, feed production, animal feeding as well as animal keeping, animal health and excrement management are analysed more in detail. Most attention has been spent to the methane reduction potentials in the rumen. The reduction of CF in ruminant production per product should focus on a lowering of methane emissions from enteric fermentation and an increase of low production levels as well a reduction of ineffective animal numbers. In the future, results of plant and animal breeding may also substantially contribute to lower GHG emissions. Furthermore, new potentials to improve protein supply for human nutrition should be used. The production of food of animal origin is a very complex process and selective consideration, i.e., focussing on single factors, does not provide an assessment that reflects the complexity of the subject. Recommendations for further research activities are given. Contribution/ Originality
The Web2.0 model has aroused vast attention as it alters the traditional role of consumers’ purchase behavior. This paper examines the problems of E-Channel coordination; the focus of this paper is that completely measures the utility function and the “maximally” separating equilibrium diverse choice alternatives. The impact of complexity on consumer choice combines to affect the consistency of consumers’ choices is not well understood. The low quality products distribute through retailers with no reputation Channel of distribution consists of different channel members’ decision. Therefore, the authors found that even if low quality manufacturers have no reputation of their products, they can signal quality by posting the reputation of high reputation of retailers. Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding an equilibrium foundation for a manufacturer’s choice of retailer and provides an example of renting another agents reputation to signal product quality when one does not have any reputation of one’s own. Another aspect, this paper demonstrates the fundamental nature of the channel coordination problem and the identification of quantity discount schedules and more generally variable price contracts as coordinating mechanism. Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11
Poverty, Inequality and Millennium Development Goals’ Expenditure: A Probabilistic Linkage
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability
The objective of this paper is to investigate the linkage between poverty, inequality and Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs) expenditure. To achieve the set objective, probit and logit models were empirically employed using a panel data series. The results revealed that a unit increase in expenditure on MDGs would lead to increase in poverty by a single digit and income inequality by double digits. This is not to blame the MDG funding or discourage it. Plausibly the expenditure on MDGs has been constrained due to technical, managerial, institutional, macro-economic imbalances, and policy bottlenecks. Therefore, government and agencies should ameliorate these constraints. Consequently, this work has originated applied logit and probit models to explore poverty-inequality-MDGs’ expenditure nexus. Contribution/ Originality
The paper contributes the first logical analysis of probabilistic linkages between poverty, inequality and MDGs’ expenditure. It has originated applied logit and probit models to explore poverty-inequality-MDGs’ expenditure nexus. It founds plausibly that expenditure on MDGs has been constrained due to technical, managerial, institutional, and policy bottlenecks among others. Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11
A Fractional Cointegration Analysis of Purchasing Power Parity: Evidence of ELW
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability
This study examines the long-run relationship between exchange rates and relative prices. We use a long memory techniques that allow for persistence of chock relationships across real exchange rate to examine the existence of weak-form and strong-form Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) between the Tunisian and five partner countries of Tunisia, namely, (Germany, the United States, France, Italy, the UK, Morocco and Libya. The empirical results obtained through the R/S, Modified R/S, GPH and ELW tests; make us consider the PPP as an event in the long run if significant short-term deviations from the PPP cannot exist. Therefore, the analysis of the fractional cointegration makes the deviations, regarding equilibrium, follow a slightly integrated process and therefore capture a much wider group of research parity or mean-reverting behavior. Contribution/ Originality
This study uses new estimation methodology. The application of fractional cointegration technique is very important in resolving puzzle of purchasing power parity (PPP). By allowing deviations from equilibrium to follow a fractionally integrated process, the fractional cointegration analysis can explain the persistence of a wider range of mean-reversion behaviour better than the standard cointegration analyses. Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11
Impact of Family Ownership on Market Value of a Firm: A Comparative Analysis of Family and Non-Family Companies Listed at Karachi Stock Exchange (Pakistan)
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability
The current study attempts to investigate the impact of family ownership structure on value of firms listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) of Pakistan. For the distinction of FOB from Non-FOB, two threshold points (25% & 50%) of ownership structure are used. A sample of 280 listed firms at KSE is collected ranging for the period 2002-13. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is applied on panel data to estimate the coefficients of variables. The empirical results indicate that the family firms outperform the non-family ones. The better performance of young generation of family firms over succeeding generation is also revealed but professional chief executive officer (CEO) over family member is preferred. Furthermore, this study discovers inflection points i.e. (62% & 57%) for family and non-family firms under quadratic specification respectively. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the impact of family ownership on firm’s value in Pakistan. The prolific nature of family businesses in emerging economies makes the subject matter hot in recent business studies. As a comparative analysis, this study not only provides guidelines or instructions to family managers but also to the authorities of non-family businesses. In this way, this study is a lighthouse for both organizational types existing in business environment around the globe. Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 12
Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Exports in Nigeria: A Test of Cochrane-Orcutt Technique
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability
This paper examines the dynamic effects of exchange rate fluctuations on exports in Nigeria. To achieve the set objectives, classical least square and Cochrane-Orcutt technique were applied. Results revealed that exchange rate volatility and foreign income have positive and significant effect on exports, while relative prices exert negative and significant effect on exports. This implies that, a unit rise in exchange rate volatility and foreign income, coincidentally both lead to increase in exports by eightfold. Consequently, government should strengthen the Naira to minor spirals, attract foreign income flow, and promote export goods, among others. Foreign income flow could be attracted via private investment of export goods, transforming them to semi-processed form thereby improving exports prices, values and volume in the country. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to existing literature in terms of exchange rate volatility on exports. It uses modified version of existing methodologies. Also, the paper’s primary contribution is finding that, exchange rate volatility and foreign income have positive and significant effect on exports, which both raises aggregate trade by eightfold. Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 12
Stock Market Index Prediction with Neural Network during Financial Crises: A Review on Bist-100
Predetermining the future value of a variable is both quite important and rather difficult process in financial markets. In this context, especially in the last 15 years, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are widely used in order to resolve various kinds of financial problems such as performing portfolio construction, stock index, and bankruptcy prediction. This study examines the predictability of daily and weekly returns of Borsa İstanbul (BIST)-100 Index during global crisis period (July 2007-December 2009) by using ANN. It differs from other similar studies in the literature as it: i) covers global crisis period, ii) predicts index value of the next day and next week and finally iii) uses seven different economic parameters (variables) as input. The results obtained suggest that ANN can be used quite successfully in this area and foresee correctly the value for next day and next week with an accuracy margin error of less than 5% even for unknown samples. The ANN model in this study is developed using MATLAB R2008b. Contribution/ Originality
This study investigated between milk yield and Somatic Cell Count, sampled from 3 different dairy enterprises. Chemical and microbiological parameters analyzed for the relation with milk yield. Milk samples have been collected from 10 dairy cows, two times per month during 1 year period. Bacteriological analyzes have been employed for milks. Milk yield data for each cow have been recorded in every sampling day. Depending on the logistic regretion analyses on the data collected from all enterprises; high total plate count and E.coli counts have negative effects on milk yield, but has been found significally important (p<0.05) only for the data of E.coli. counts. In group 1; somatic cell count and E.coli counts have negative effect on milk yield and only the data of E.coli has been found statistically important (p<0.05). In group 2; only the data related negative effect of E.coli counts on milk yield has been found as statistically important (p<0.05). The third group, total plate count has negative effect on milk yield. Regarding to the chemical analyses of fat in milk, non-fat dry matter, density and protein values have been detected in the enterprises 1, 2 and 3 as 2.88, 3.56, 4.34; 7.91, 7.83, 8.12; 1026.4, 1025.8, 1026; 3.04, 2.96, 3.07, respectively. According to the correlation analyses applied between milk yield and fat in milk, non fat-dry matter, protein and density in milk in all enterprises; there were significant correlation between non-fat dry matter and milk yield in enterprise 2 (p<0.05) and density and milk yield in enterprise 3 (p<0.01). Contribution/ Originality
The study contributes the existing literature, which the correlation between SCC and the microbiological milk quality has been compared, in order to analize the possible effects on the production of dairy products and the reflection for dairy industry. Agricultural Sciences » Animal Review » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2
Evaluation of In Vitro Protocols for Elimination of Banana Streak Virus from Tissue Cultured Explants in Banana Seedling Production
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Current Research in Agricultural Sciences
The banana industry in Kenya is threatened by the presence of Banana streak virus (BSV). The Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) commercial banana laboratory uses tissue culture (TC) technique for mass propagation of plantlets which are free from most disease causing organisms for commercial purposes. To evaluate in vitro protocols for production of Banana Streak Virus-free TC banana planting materials for farmers, leaf samples were collected from Thika, Kisii, and JKUAT orchards for indexing. The corms were taken through the TC procedure up to the 2nd subculture stage after which they were subjected to three virus elimination techniques; chemotherapy, meristem tip culture and thermotherapy for evaluation. Indexing for BSV using PCR BSV indicated 90, 80 and 40% infection levels for Kisii, JKUAT and Thika orchards, respectively. For chemotherapy evaluation, concentrations of between 10 and 40 mg/l were used resulting in 0 to 90% virus elimination. For thermotherapy, 27°C (control), 32°C, 34°C, 36°C and 38°C for 10 days, resulted in 0 and 90% virus elimination. Meristem tip culture at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm (control) gave between 0 and 90% virus elimination, respectively. The study indicates that BSV can be eliminated using chemotherapy, thermotherapy and meristem tip culture. Chemotherapy using salicylic acid at 20mg/l can be used to eliminate BSV up 90%. It is also easy to implement since it is incorporated into the medium. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to the existing literature on virus elimination from banana planting materials globally and the first logical analysis in the fight against banana streak virus in Kenya. If adopted, the findings of the study can help banana farmers increase the yield translating to higher income and poverty eradication. Agricultural Sciences » Current Research in Agricultural Sciences » Month: 09-2015 Issue: 3
Introduction: Chryseobacterium gleum is an uncommon pathogen in humans. It is a gram negative, nonfermenting bacterium distributed widely in soil and water. We present a case of urinary tract infection caused by Chryseobacterium gleum in a patient with right lower ureteric calculi. Case presentation: This case describes a 62- year-old male admitted for ureteric calculi to the Department of Urology in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. A strain of Chryseobacterium gleum was isolated and confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS .The bacterium was sensitive to Piperacillin-Tazobactum (100/10µg ), Cefotaxime(30µg),Ceftazidime(30 µg ) and Ofloxacin(30 µg). It was resistant to Nitrofurantoin (300µg),Tobramycin(10µg),Gentamicin(30µg),Nalidixic acid(30µg) and Amikacin(30µg). Conclusion: Chryseobacterium gleum should be considered as a potential opportunistic and emerging pathogen. Resistance to a wide range of antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, penicillin, cephalosporins has been documented. In depth studies on Epidemiological, virulence and pathogenicity factors needs to be done for better diagnosis and management. Contribution/ Originality
This study documents the first case of Chryseobacterium gleum associated UTI in South India. Medical Sciences » Genes Review » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 1
In Vitro Cloning and Stem Cutting of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.) for Mass Propagation in Chittagong, Bangladesh
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: The International Journal of Biotechnology
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.) is non-caloric sweetening plant. It was cloned using shoot tip in vitro MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kn). Excised shoots were rooted in half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with Indole-3 Butyric Acid (IBA). The rooted plantlets were transferred to soil and coconut husk filled bags and beds. Stem cutting method in sand medium with water misting propagation bed without plant growth regulator was effective for mass propagation. The plantlets derived from in vitro and stem-cutting grew luxuriantly in cultivating field during long day months (March to September) and produced gregarious flowering during short day months(October to February). Similar type of flowering behavior was observed between these two types of propagules of Stevia. Contribution/ Originality
The studies are used in vitro propagation methods and stem cutting in mist propagation bed as simple as vegetative propagation. Here investigated rooting, vegetative growth and flowering behavior. This paper contributes an easy propagation method of stem cuttings which is applicable for the farmers. Biological Sciences » The International Journal of Biotechnology » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 3
K2feo4 Electrochemically Stable Synthesis Process
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research
This work aims at preparing electrochemically the K2FeO4 ambient stable phase and monitoring its degradation with time. The electrochemical method attracted more interest because of the high purity of the obtained product. Thus, we have identified, through the development of electrochemical method for the synthesis of the K2FeO4 ambient stable phase, the optimizing parameters influencing the yield of the oxidation of Fe (II) to Fe (VI) in saturated alkaline (KOH) at a temperature of 60 ° C and at a current density of 1.3 A / dm2 for a time electrolysis of an hour. This yield reached a value of 75%. It was characterized by UV spectrophotometer, measuring the optical density at a wavelength of 507 nm. Contribution/ Originality
The thrust of this paper is on the effects of two instructional techniques,self-management and social skills training, on the reduction of adolescents’ conduct disorder. One research hypothesis was raised and was testedat 0.05 level of significance. A pretest-posttest control group experimental design was adopted in the study. The population consisted of 184 identified conduct disorder adolescents’ in a mixed school that was purposively selected from the senior secondary schools in Ikpoba-OkhaLocal Government Area in Benin City with the assistance of 12 subject teachers who have had contact with the students’ for at least six months. The study made used of a sample of 90 senior secondary school three (SS III) adolescent students. The instrument used for data collection was the Conduct Disorder Assessment Scale (CDAS) constructed in accordance with the American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). The instrument was face validated by three experts in the field of educational psychology and counselling.Cronbach Alpha as a measure of internal consistence reliability was used to establish the reliability of the instrument. The coefficient obtained were 0.80 for aggressive behaviour, 0.81 for destructive behaviour, 0.76 for stealing and 0.84 for serious violation of rules. The data collected were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the proportion of the variance of the criterion which existed before the experimental and what was obtained after. By using ANCOVA, also errors in the variance were substantially minimized in the final scores. The results obtained indicated significant differences in conduct disorder (four subsets) adolescent students exposed to treatment intervention (self-management and social skills training) and control group. The post-hoc analysis on aggressive and stealing behaviours showed that the mean differences were significant at the 0.05 level. That significant differences existed in destructive and rules violation behaviours among adolescents’ exposed to both treatments and those in control group (p<0.05). Based on these findings, it is concluded that self-management and social skills training are effective packages for the reduction of conduct disorder among adolescents’. The researcher recommends that school councellors embrace self-management and social skills training to effectively reduce conduct disorder among secondary school adolescents. Contribution/ Originality
This study has contributed to the body of existing knowledge in the following ways:
It reveals that conduct disorder among adolescents can be treated or corrected with both self-management and social skills. The study will also assists professional, counselors, psychologists, clinicians, teachers and the community at large to have a better perception of conduct disorder among adolescents.
Abstract