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Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies on the removal of Acid Red (AR88) using Ulva reticulata have been investigated. In batch experiments, the parameters studied included the effect of the dye concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic data were tested with experimental data. The optimum conditions were: pH 5, temperature 30ºC, biomass size 0.5 mm and maximum metal uptake was 75.4 mg/g .Various thermodynamic parameters such as ∆Hº, ∆Gº and ∆Sº were calculated indicating that the present system was spontaneous and endothermic process. The pseudo first and second order kinetic models were also applied to the experimental kinetic data obtained during Biosorption of AR88 and High correlation coefficients with low standard deviations favor the pseudo-second-order model for the present systems. The ability of Ulva reticulata to Biosorption AR88 in a packed column was investigated, as well. A glass column was used to conduct the experiments. At 20 cm (bed height), 5 ml/min (flow rate) and 100 mg/L (initial concentrations), ulva reticulata exhibited AR88 uptake of 88.65 mg/g. The Thomas model was used to predict the breakthrough curves. Contribution/ Originality
Sustainable development entails conservation, preservation, accessibility and affordability. When it comes to energy usage, Nigeria relies mostly on conventional source of energy with quite high opportunity cost making it cost-wise comparatively inaccessible for the poor population. In this work, renewable energy sources like solar radiation which is abundantly present in Nigeria was found to offers a much cheaper alternative in meeting the energy demands since they are derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. Reviews on the opportunities, government policies and strategic developments of renewable energy in Nigeria were carried out to ascertain its feasibility. From the results, it was possible to highlight how these energy sources can be beneficial in tackling the energy problem in Nigeria. Contribution/ Originality
Hydrodynamic equations were simplified to a layman understanding together with the diffusion-convection transport equation for the cosmic-ray distribution function f(t,r,p), which depends on time t , radial distance from the point of supernova explosion r and the particle momentum p. From the results, gas density p is inversely proportional to the gas velocity u ; flux tubes have a tendency to rise at an appreciable speed; pressure of the atmospheric gas Pg depends on the cosmic-ray pressure Pc and the internal energy of the electron U is directly proportional to the gas density p . Based on what Vladimir, et al. [1] said: “More work is needed to understand how robust our results are”, this has helped in making their bulky equations clearer and showing how robust their work are. In the cause of breaking down or simplifying the high energy equations, it was found that cosmic rays move with Alfven speed. Contribution/ Originality
This paper examines the impact of microfinance lending on the Nigerian economic growth. Specifically, the study sought to evaluate how microfinance lending to micro, small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria has impacted on changing the business fortunes of the poor and hence the Nigerian economy. Primary and secondary data were collected and analysed using programme designs, numerical structure response in implementation and performance model in a bid to delineate the relationship between microfinance loans and growth of micro, small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. Our results reveal that the microfinance loans have not gone deep enough to ensure a clean break from community and commercial banking practices. Contribution/ Originality
Organization’s ethical climate and its components are among major factors affecting employee’s different behaviors and emotions in work environments. Accordingly, the role of organization’s ethical climate components (caring, laws, rules, services and independence) on psychological capital components (self-efficacy, hope, resiliency and life orientation) was studied in this research. For this purpose, 267 employees of railway company, Isfahan, Iran, were selected and answered organization’s ethical climate and psychological capital questionnaires in a correlation research. The hypotheses of this research were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between some of the organization’s ethical climate components and self-efficacy, hope, resiliency and life orientation. Results of the regression analysis indicated that service and independence can predict the self-efficacy and hope; laws and rules, and service can predict resiliency and caring, and service can predict life orientation. Contribution/ Originality
The nematicidal potential of both Jatrophacurcas and Jatrophagossypiifoliaseedlings as ainterculture with sunflower cv. Giza 1 (1, 2, 3 and 4 plants per pot) againstMeloidogynejavanica was tested under a screenhouse conditions (30 ± 5 ºC) at the National Research Center, Egypt. The final population of nematodes and their rate of build up as well as the root gall index were significantly affected by the number of Jatropha plants when grown with sunflower together. There was a negative correlation between the number of Jatropha seedlings and the final population of nematode. The lowest nematode final population and rate of build up were determined at the highest number of Jatropha plants (4 plants per pot). The highest number of root gall index (4.7) was found on roots of sunflowergrown alone, while, the lowest numbers (0.8 and 1.3) were found in the roots of sunflower grown with four plants of Jatrophacurcas and Jatrophagossypiifolia; respectively. Effectiveness of Jatrophacurcas was better against M. javanica than Jatrophagossypiifolia. This type of control is considered pollution-free, easy and inexpensive. Contribution/ Originality
Sweet potato was processed into flour and it was used to substitute wheat flour at different ratios (100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50), and was used to prepare biscuits. The nutritional, functional and sensory properties of biscuits produced from different ratios of wheat-sweet potato composite flour was investigated. The results reveal that, the value of protein ranged between 4.50g/100g and 8.92g/100g, and value of fat (10.97g/100g to 18.93g/100g) in the biscuits decreased as the quantity of potato flour used in supplementing wheat flour increased. The crude fiber value ranged between 3.16g/100g and 5.10g/100g, the highest value of crude fiber was present in the sample with ratio 50:50 wheat-potato flour. Moisture content and carbohydrate values increased as more sweet-potato flour was introduced into the biscuits. The mineral values of calcium (26.20mg/100g to 28.10mg/100g), magnesium (7.30mg/100g to 9.60mg/100g), potassium (4.60mg/100g to 6.20mg/100g), sodium (9.77ppm to 11.564ppm) and phosphorus (49.675ppm to 56.322ppm) were higher in biscuits produced from ratio 90:10, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 wheat-sweet potato composite flour than biscuits produced from ratio 100:0 of wheat-sweet potato composite flour. Sensory analysis revealed that there were no significant differences (p≥0.05) in taste between biscuits produced from ratio 100:0, 90:10 and 70:30 of wheat-potato flour, but there were significant differences in taste between biscuits made from ratio 100:0 and biscuits made from ratio 60:40 and 50:50 wheat-potato composite flour. The experiments produced biscuits of acceptable qualities from all ratios of wheat-potato flour that was used. Contribution/ Originality
The purpose of this research is to explore the water in the south west of Hamedan which has many environmental problems and very few water resources. Also in the area, due to the lack of awareness, the farmers excavate the wells with high cost that results in declining water table. The collected data was investigated via the electrical probing at the Schlumberger array and Jointed with the wells data and geological information. The data processing was performed by conventional methods of calculation and utilized specialized software WINSEV, RES2D, RES3D, 2WIN at direct and inversion states. Finally the results of the research are acceptable and pleasant. Contribution/ Originality
This article seeks to determine the critical success factors for franchised restaurants entering the Kenyan market from the customers’ perspective. We used a quantitative methodology by taking a survey. The respondents were identified using convenience sampling. A sample of 389 franchised restaurant customers was drawn and a response rate of 98.7% was obtained. It is suggested that the critical success factors for franchised restaurants from customers’ perspective include good and consistent products and product range (menu mix), competent staff who were clean, warm, courteous and welcoming, a pleasant and clean atmosphere, reasonable and stable prices of products and a convenient location with efficient service. This paper has added value in theory by identifying the critical success factors for franchised restaurants entering the Kenyan market from customers’ perspective. The findings can be used by restaurant franchises that seek to establish successful businesses in the Kenyan market and other similar regional markets. Contribution/ Originality
A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar during 2010 to study the effect of different types of surfactants on Zinc efficiency in spinach yield and uptake of other nutrients. The experiment consisted of two different rates of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) (0.5% and 1%) with three different surfactants (Aerial, Bonus and surf excel) and control without ZnSO4 and Surfactant. The experiment was laid out in RCB design with two factors having three replications. The results indicated that the effect of surfactants on Zinc efficiency had a significant effect on the yield of spinach and uptake of Potash, while Phosphorus and Zinc contents of spinach leaves were not significantly different among various treatments. Maximum yield was recorded on 1% ZnSO4 with surf excel (10.417 ton ha-1), followed by 1% ZnSO4 with Bonus, while lowest yield was recorded in 1% ZnSO4 with Aerial (7.77µg g-1) which was at par with 0.5 % ZnSO4 with Aerial, 0.5% ZnSO4 with Bonus and control. Zinc with different surfactant also significantly affected Potassium (K¬). Maximum (2.3267µg g-1) was recorded on control followed by 0.5% zinc with Aerial, which is similar with 0.5% ZnSO4 with Bonus, while minimum Potash(1.2267µg g-1) was recorded on 1% zinc with Aerial. The result of Phosphorus (P) and Zinc revealed that there were no statistically differences among difference rate of the zinc application with different surfactants. Among this 0.5% ZnSO4 with Aerial gave maximum (0.844µg g-1) of phosphorus in spinach leaves and minimum (0.7570µg g-1) was at control. Maximum zinc (0.8787µg g-1) was recorded on 0.5% zinc Sulphate, while minimum was recorded on control (0.8007µg g-1) with 0.5 % zinc with Aerial. Among various treatments used, the 1% ZnSO4 with surfactant gave maximum yield of spinach and high percentage mineral contents of spinach leaves. Contribution/ Originality
The environment plays two vital roles for mankind. It provides food and raw materials for production and consumption and also accepts the wastes generated through man’s activities and renders them harmless. This calls for sustainable environmental management. This study examines the impact of productivity growth, forest depletion, renewable energy consumption and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions in Ghana. The findings suggest that productivity growth is the most important factor that reduces carbon emissions in the short-run. In the long run however, renewable energy consumption has most influence on carbon emissions. Forest depletion leads to carbon emissions in both the short and long –run. The study recommends that in order to curb carbon emissions, afforestation programmes and investment in renewable energy should be encouraged. Contribution/ Originality
In this study, we illustrate the results which were obtained using a comparative protocol concerning hazelnut production framework with special references to Turkey and Italy. Investigation includes supply, exports and several internal organization patterns. Emphasis was laid on proposing agro-forest biomass derived by hazelnut cultivations for renewable energy production via small-scale applications, in order to enhance farmers’ income within Turkish individual agro-districts. Due to importance of Turkey in world hazelnut trade, it is interesting to project some enhancements which have been already carried out in Italy. A consolidated protocol using DEA analyses gave evidence to the possibility of stabilizing both domestic and world prices along with differentiating hazelnut farmer’s income. Contribution/ Originality
The aim of this paper is to identify the effects of cultural characteristics and mindset of leaders on leadership attributes in global business environment. An extensive literature review has been done. Subsequently, a conceptual model is developed to demonstrate the interactions between culture dimensions, global mindset and leadership styles. It was found that cultural values provide a foundation for the development of intercultural sensitivity and intercultural competence of a leader. On the other hand, it is imperative for leaders to develop a global mindset in order to lead in global context. Contribution/ Originality
This paper reports a quasi 3D simulation in a curved river reach of The Yangtze River near The Huangshigang City, aiming to develop a numerical tool for modeling turbulent flows and pollutant transport in complex natural waters. The depth-averaged two-equation turbulence model, together with and models, were used to close quasi 3D hydrodynamic fundamental governing equations. The discretized equations were solved by advanced multi-grid iterative method under coarse and fine two-levels’ grids. The processes of plume development, caused by the side-discharge from a tributary, also have been investigated numerically. The used three turbulence models are suitable for modeling strong mixing turbulence. The model with higher order of magnitude of transported variable provides a possibility to increase the computational precision. Based on the developed hydrodynamic model, a CFD software, namely Q3drm1.0, was preliminarily developed. This tool focuses on the refined simulations of the steady and unsteady problems of flow and transports with the strong ability to treat different types of discharges. Contribution/ Originality
The present study is emphasized on find out the awareness level and perception about e- learning among agricultural research scholars at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) India. This research study is based on the primary source of data which was collected from fifty respondents through structured questionnaire during the year 2013. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data for making interpretation. In this study, it was found that majority of respondents have a low awareness about e-learning whereby it accounted for 70 per cent of the respondents, 10 have moderate awareness about e-learning and only 20 per cent of the respondents have high awareness about e-learning. Overall awareness of respondents about e-learning tended to be low (M=1.44, SD=0.49, range=9-18). Thus, there is need that government should promote researches on the various aspects of e-learning and maintaining standard of e-learning resources by establishing national level standards of e-resources. Contribution/ Originality
Fixed Sphere Decoding is a near optimum tree search detection technique for the spatial multiplexing scheme. The algorithm performs a fixed number of operations to detect the signal independent of the noise level and channel conditions. In this paper, a Soft Input Soft Output Fixed Complexity Sphere Decoding algorithm is proposed for the MIMO receiver using 16 QAM modulation scheme. As the system performance was far from the channel capacity limit, MIMO channel could not support higher spectral efficiencies. Therefore, to obtain power efficiency very close to the Shannon limit, Turbo codes are implemented in MIMO system and provide higher spectral efficiency. The proposed FSD detector is capable of providing a throughput of 1.18 Gbits/s with a critical path delay of 9.603 ns. Contribution/ Originality
This study is set out to analyze the Configuration (behavior) of Nigerian firms’ export marketing in the global market. This can be appreciated from the fact that export play important role in the socio-economic development of nations; in the areas of value creation and facilitate economics of abundance for national development. The data were generated through structured questionnaire administered on sixty exporting firms located in Lagos. The data were statistically subjected to T-tests, employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), in Special Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that Nigerian exporting firms are patterned into Experimental, Active, and Committed. The findings also showed that Nigeria firms’ years of export involvement influence their pattern of export, just as company size and number of employee’s impact on firms’ categorization of export involvement. The findings of this study are peculiar because it focuses on Nigeria firms involved in export, and give valuable insight on the prospects and challenges on pattern of Nigerian firms’ marketing activities in the global market. Nigeria’s desire to attain the economic vision of 202020 (being among 20 top Global Economies in the Year 2020) will be enhanced and achieved; if the findings of this study are professionally and sincerely pursued, and what it can contribute to the nation’s development is positively considered by stakeholders. Contribution/ Originality
The interaction between tillage tools and soil is of a primary interest to the design and use of these tools for soil manipulation. A new explicit mathematical model to calculate the angle of soil failure plane when soil is cut with narrow tine was developed. Equations of Soil cohesion and soil adhesion cutting factors were partially differentiated with respect to angle of soil external friction, were maximized; Values of angle of soil failure plane were calculated by the model for tine rake angle range from 00 to 900 operated at 0.3 m depth and 0.15 m width in soils with different mechanical properties. It was found that angle of soil failure plane is acute and its values were used for calculating soil frictional cutting factor, soil overburden cutting factor, soil cohesion cutting factor, soil adhesion cutting factor, rupture distance, width of side crescent and soil resistance force. It was found that the force values were realistic. Therefore, the model is valid. Contribution/ Originality
Lipidomics is the function of billions of vital lipid molecules forming our brain and spinal cord.In the serum of cancer patients there could transiently appear lipids stemming from the central nervous system (CNS), following herpes virus infections. Dietary substitution utilizing CNS-lipid precursors as in whole milk could compensate this lipid depletion.Oral supplementation led to physiologic therapeutic effects. Lipidomics, depicts studies on neurobiology describing the clinical function of billions of vital lipids contained in our brain and spinal cord, articulated as a harmonious synaptogenesis. The aim is to relate certain clinical features and expressions of this immensely complex panel of psychodynamic functions regulated by this multifaceted brain-lipid network. Our daily mental function and stress caused by excessive exercise consumes certain of these vital CNS-lipid molecules. Healthy reconstruction of this physiologic consumption of CNS-lipids proceeds during our sleep providing that our serum contains vital CNS-lipid precursor components supplied via our diet containing whole milk in which the cream (lipoprotein) is not destroyed by homogenisation. A combined dietary ingestion of whole milk together with prion-free CNS-lipids can restore normal cell induction, improve the motor, and mental balance of patients. Contribution/ Originality
Oil pollution is peculiar to oil producing nations of the world. Various researches have been carried out to cub its menace. However, most of the materials are non-biodegradable and require expensive treatment to become an adsorbent. In this study, adsorptive capacities of cost effective raw hard and softwood sawdust were investigated and compared. Soft wood sawdust was found to have better adsorptive capacities. The adsorptive capacities are related to the mesh size of the sawdust, the concentration of the oil, the quantity of the sawdust and the time of contact of the oil and the sawdust. Maximum uptake of the oil by both adsorbents occurred at 120 and 150 minutes for all the results. This study recommends that further research be done on the use of modified softwood sawdust so as to increase its potential as a low cost adsorbent in oil remediation. Contribution/ Originality
Abstract