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The maxillofacial patient experiences a unique alteration in the normal oral/craniofacial environment and functions, which are the results of congenital, traumatic or surgical insults. Maxillofacial Prosthetics aimed to attain the optimal functions, such as speech and swallowing, and normalcy of surrounding structure. The provision of surgical obturator is one step in achieving normalcy, as it allows covering the deficiencies/defects to regain optimal/suboptimal functions immediately after surgical resection. This paper provides an overview on the designing principles, goals and role of surgical obturator in rehabilitating maxillectomy cases. Contribution/ Originality
In a bid to mitigate adverse long term effects in biodiversity and loss of wildlife and to prepare communities for the challenges arising out of tourism and hospitality developments in their vicinity, it is vital that communities living next to tourist attractions be educated so that they practice eco-tourism or sustainable tourism as a matter of priority. This study postulates a model for the development of a curriculum for the education of primary school learners in Zimbabwe and for the training of rural communities living within or neighboring tourism resorts and attractions. Such a curriculum should equip primary school learners and communities with the requisite knowledge to preserve and protect their environment effectively. Introducing tourism and hospitality education at primary school and community level augments benefits for school learners and rural communities. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated and posited a model for the creation of an educational curriculum introducing Tourism and Hospitality as a subject at primary school level and for the training of local communities in tourism and hospitality. The study contributes in the literature a model that will be useful to the Ministries of Education and tourism stakeholders during their curriculum review processes. Business & Management » Journal of Tourism Management Research » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 1
Studies on Seasonal Performance of Newly Developed Bivoltine Silkworm (Bombyx Mori L) Hybrids Tolerant To Bmnpv and Effect of Temperature on Disease Induction
Season and region specific studies of silkworm Bombyx mori L. are of greater importance in identifying and understanding the adaptability of silkworm genotypes, which are largely influenced by climatic factors. The performance of the newly developed hybrid combinations was evaluated for twelve economic traits during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of the year to understand genotype and environment interactions and their stability under fluctuating tropical environmental conditions with Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedro Virus (BmNPV) inoculation @ 2x106 PIB’s/larva. The data was subjected to two way analysis of variance and season-wise relative merit of individual hybrids was computed following Multiple Trait Evaluation Index method. The index values indicated that the hybrids BNR9 x BNR10 and BNR9 x BNR4 with higher average cumulative EI values were ranked I and II and establishing their superiority over multiple traits. Further the larvae soon after fourth moult were kept at room temperature (25ºC), low temperature (5ºC) and high temperature (32ºC) without feed for 6 hours and then inoculated perorally with BmNPV. The newly ecdysed fifth instar larvae when exposed to low temperature of 5ºC and starved enhanced larval susceptibility to BmNPV while the hybrids BNR9 x BNR10 and BNR9 x BNR4 exhibited higher tolerance to BmNPV at 25ºC and moderate tolerance at 32ºC. Contribution/ Originality
This study documents the evaluation of silkworm hybrids under BmNPV inoculated conditions during different seasons of the year. The methodology includes the estimation of the tolerance of the hybrids to BmNPV during various seasons influencing the physiological activities affecting their growth and development as well as the expression of economic characters. Agricultural Sciences » Animal Review » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 4
Experimental Investigation of Palm Kernel Shell and Cow Bone Reinforced Polymer Composites for Brake Pad Production
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research
Formulation of brake pad from palm kernel shell (PKS) and cow bone reinforced polymer composite was investigated. Palm kernel shell and cow bone were added in different sieve grading into an epoxy resin and hardener at 100, 100 and 120 sieve grading respectively. The formulated brake pads were characterized based on the requirements for brake pad uses. All properties investigated were observed to be within the acceptable requirement for brake pad function. The impact test for PKS and cow bone show 1.0 J and 1.5 J respectively. The hardness test show 55.7 HRB and 46.0 HRB values for PKS and cow bone respectively. While the water absorption test for PKS was 5.05% and cow bone was 5.53%. Oil absorption test for PKS was 2.23% and 4.16% for cow bone. The values of thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) were measured in terms of highest percentage weight loss and for PKS it was 57.14% and 63.24% for cow bone. While the values of coefficient of friction for PKS and cow bone were 0.735 and 0.677 respectively. Wear rate for PKS was 9.57E-7 and 1.44E-6 for cow bone. Crushing strength for PKS was 23N/mm² and 21N/mm² for cow bone. Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding that reinforced polymer composite of PKS and cow bone particles can be an alternative to asbestos based reinforced material in brake pad formulation. Chemistry & Materials Sciences » International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 2
Modeling and Optimization of Extraction of Oil from Sesamum Indicum Seeds: A Case Study of Response Surface Methodology vs. Artificial Neural Network
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research
In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) was used to optimize of oil from Sesamum indicum seeds. ANN predicted optimal condition for extraction was Sesamum indicum powder weight (SIPW) = 54.71 g, extraction time (ET) = 44.88 min and solvent volume (SV) = 165.8 mL. The predicted Sesamum indicum oil yield (SIOY) was validated as 85.70% (w/w) while RSM predicted optimal condition was Sesamum indicum powder weight (SIPW) = 60.00 g, Extraction time (ET) = 44.48 min and solvent volume (SV) = 150 mL. The predicted SIOY under this condition was validated as 83.20% (w/w). The result obtained showed that ANN was superior and more effective optimization tool than RSM owing to its value of RMSE, AAD, R2, R2Adj. Meanwhile, the qualities of Sesamum indicum oil yield (SIOY) as compared to the earlier researched works indicated that the oil produced is of good qualities and needs no further purification. Fatty acids profile reflected that the oil is highly unsaturated. The study concluded that the oil is not only edible, but also could have an industrial application. Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding that Sesamum indicum seed is not only for food consumption but could also be used as oil source for industrial application. This study documents the supremacy of ANN over RSM. Chemistry & Materials Sciences » International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research » Month: 02-2015 Issue: 2
A Model of Optimal Time-of-Day Pricing of Electricity under Diverse Welfare Assumptions
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Asian Journal of Energy Transformation and Conservation
An important feature of an electric power system is that its customer’s load varies greatly at random according to time of day, and day of season. Time-of-day pricing of electricity is an indirect load management against such variable demand according to which electricity is charged in relation to the time-differential cost of supply. The present study is an attempt at modeling seasonal time-differential pricing of electricity. The static, deterministic model that we present incorporates diverse technology, as well as soft deterministic equivalents of chance constraints representing stochastic demand and inflows. The model is solved for two types of power systems – pure hydro and hydro-thermal – under the umbrellas of four structural assumptions – first best, second-best, monopoly and constrained monopoly. Contribution/ Originality
The present study models seasonal time-differential pricing of electricity under diverse welfare assumptions of first best, second best, monopoly and regulated monopoly pricing, in the case of two typical power systems – hydro and hydro-thermal. Energy & Environmental Sciences » Asian Journal of Energy Transformation and Conservation » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 2
Effect of Active Mass in Electrode Disc on Performance of Li1.06ni0.313co0.313mn0.313o2cathode
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Asian Journal of Energy Transformation and Conservation
Li1.06Ni0.313Co0.313Mn0.313O2 sample has been synthesized by calcination of co-precipitated precursors. Scanning electron microscopy shows that sample powders are aggregated microplates with average sizes of 200 nm. Electrochemical tests show that Cell-2.0 which has the least mass in cathode disc presents initially a much higher discharge capacity under a current density of 135 mA•g-1, 270 mA•g-1, 540 mA•g-1, 810 mA•g-1, 1080 mA•g-1and 1350 mA•g-1 than the other cells. And Cell-2.0 exhibits better cycling performance with capacity retention of 95.58 % after 40 cycles at 270 mA•g-1 current densities than Cell-2.6(77.18 %), Cell-3.0(74.54 %), Cell-3.2(74.79 %) and Cell-3.6(77.56 %). The cells with a regression equation: DC(mAh•g-1)=a×m(mg) +b, regression coefficient: r≧ 0.75216; a = 7.16984I(C)– 61.50523, regression coefficient: r = 0.95522;b= -39.75258I(C) + 297.48985, regression coefficient: r = 0.9508. Therefore, decreasing the mass in each cathode disc can improve the performance of Li1.06Ni0.313Co0.313Mn0.313O2 cells. Contribution/ Originality
The paper contributes the first example to establishment the regression equation about discharged capacity and the mass in each cathode disc. Energy & Environmental Sciences » Asian Journal of Energy Transformation and Conservation » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 2
Economic Load Dispatch in Thermal Power Plant Considering Additional Constraints Using Curve Fitting and Ann
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: Review of Energy Technologies and Policy Research
This paper presents a new efficient approach to economic load dispatch (ELD) problem with cost functions using curve fitting, ANN and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Economic load dispatch is one of the most important problems in power system operation. The practical ELD problems may not have fixed cost functions rather it changes with the coal quality, that make the problem of finding the global optimum difficult using any traditional mathematical approach. Therefore, curve fitting technique is used to obtain the coefficients of the cost curve. The same data is used for the training of the artificial neural network. The effectiveness of the algorithm is validated by carrying out extensive test on a power system involving 8 thermal generating units. The variation in calorific values of the coal used in different generators cause the change in coefficients of cost curve. This effect is incorporated using curve fitting, ANN and PSO approaches. The ELD problem is then optimized. The comparison shows the better results. Contribution/ Originality
This study for economic load dispatch is one of very few studies which have investigated for variation in calorific values of the coal used time to time in thermal power plants. This uses the comparison of conventional, curve fitting, PSO and ANN. Energy & Environmental Sciences » Review of Energy Technologies and Policy Research » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 1
Projection and Resources Adjustment in Cassava Production in Oyo State, Nigeria
Projection was made by the use of ARIMA model, contribution of area and yield towards cassava production was done by decomposition analysis and adjustment in cropping pattern was estimated by calculating index level. Forecast result showed that maximum value of area is 843.0 thousand hectares which would be expected in 2013-14 while minimum value is 826.0 thousand hectares which is likely to occur by the year 2025-26. Production forecast revealed maximum value of 1407.0 thousand tons which would be expected by 2025-26 and the minimum value of 1181.0 thousand tons in 2012-13. Contribution/ Originality
The paper contributes the first logical analysis to determine optimization levels which give maximum return with least cost minimization. Business & Management » Review of Knowledge Economy » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2
Introduction to the Application of Organic Polymers for Photovoltaic Devices Organic Electronics Approach: Critical Review
Photovoltaic effect is the emergence of a voltage between electrodes attached to a solid or liquid system up on shining light on to this system. Conjugated polymer is a molecular entity whose structure is represented as a system of alternating single and double bonds which give rise to their semi-conductor properties. Conjugated polymers are used for photovoltaic devices because, Intrinsically stable up on photoexcitation with visible light, High absorption cross-section for photon harvesting, Tunable band gap with in the entire visible spectral range and High yield of charge generation when mixed with electron acceptor materials. The important physical process in the energy conversion process that take place in polymers for photovoltaic cells are; Absorption of a photon of light by photoactive material and generation of excitons, diffusion of excitons in conjugated polymers, dissociation of charge carriers (electron-hole pair) at the donor-acceptor interface in to free carriers, transport of free carriers towards the electrodes, and extraction of the charge carriers at the respective electrode interfaces. The efficiency of converting solar to electrical energy by a solar cell depends on the band gap of the light absorbing semiconductor. Band gap (Eg) is the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO and there by the maximum amount of energy required for an excitation or is the energy difference between the edges of the conduction band and valence band. The power conversion efficiency is a function of band gap. For device architectures of conjugated polymer based photovoltaic cells; there are three types Single layer photovoltaic cell, Bilayer hetero junction photovoltaic cell and Bulk hetero junction Photovoltaic cell. Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding that introducing to the application of organic polymers for photovoltaic devices, that is the application of conjugated organic polymers in electronics or the relation between organic chemistry and electronics which in turn contributes to the investigation of new materials for environmentally friend renewable energy. Business & Management » Review of Knowledge Economy » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2
The Influence of Information Technology and Communication Supply Chain Management Performance for Greater SME Manufacturing in Aguascalientes
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Business, Economics and Management
In this research, it aims to show how the information technology and communication (ICT) have influence on the supply chain management in manufacturing SMEs, likewise, analyze how it affects this relationship to operational performance in these organizations, however, for these companies, not all ICT can be adapted to any business, results of the statistical analysis indicate that employers in their interest to adopt ICTs require taking into account the complexity the supply chain to ensure that adoption is not a bad investment and especially the approach to maximize performance in these organizations. The research was conducted with a random sample of 120 SMEs in the manufacturing sector in Aguascalientes during the months of March and April 2012 through a survey designed under the technical fieldwork aimed at managers responsible for coordinating operations Manufacturing of SMEs. The analysis in this study implies that employers establish strategies to enable all workers to improve their skills in the subject of ICT and in this sense, the results are to be useful for decision making and for the better Management of supply chain. Contribution/ Originality
Among the 35 Tephritidae species recorded in Togo, only Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White had high prevalence throughout the year and infested fruits of commercial importance. In perspective for control of B. invadens, a wild strain of this pest was reared in an open room conditions similar to those of the external medium (27.5 ± 1 ° C, 79.5 ± 3% RH and approximately 12: 12 L: D). It was fed on local diet consisting of a mixture of soya flour and superfine sugar, and water in the presence of a mango (cultivar Eldon). These conditions allowed us to determine it biological and growth parameters. Ovariole number per ovary in B. invadens was 41. The total mean development time was 21.71 ± 0.99 days. Egg incubation, larval development and puparia-adult periods were respectively 1.28 ± 0.02, 11.35 ± 1.13 and 9.37 ± 0.19 days. About 68.50 ± 5.13% of the eggs developed to the adult stage. Life expectancy at pupal eclosion was 55.03 ± 30.75 days in males and 51.94 ± 21.03 in females. Average fecundity and fertility rates were respectively 535.74 ± 235.70 eggs and 92.67 ± 4.68%. Net reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of population increase were respectively 98.50 females per female and 10% per day. These results summarized the life-history of B. invadens in Guinean zone condition and are useful for assessment of demographic parameters of natural enemies of this insect in perspective of an efficient and sustainable management of its populations. Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated reproductive and development of an invasive alien species B. invadens in a local condition in Africa. Then, the demographic parameters that are important for control strategies were determined. Engineering » International Journal of Natural Sciences Research » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11
Designing Systems of Drives of a Medical Robot Actuator
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Natural Sciences Research
The paper presents the results of a study that makes it possible to calculate power of drives in the degree of freedom of a medical robot with regard of dynamics of its actuator. Kinematic scheme of the robot is proposed, shown as a direct graph that contains no cycles. Values of the Denavit–Hartenberg parameters and reachability matrix have been obtained. The SolidWorks design system, elements of robot’s design were developed, and values of masses, Torques of inertia, center of mass coordinates and other parameters of its main units required for simulation were obtained. Using an application specially developed in the MATLAB software package, a simulation was made, and numerical values of the matrix elements that are included into equation of the robot dynamics, as well as values of drives power in degrees of freedom were obtained. Contribution/ Originality
This study uses new estimation methodology of dynamics for robot with linear kinematic structure. The method used in this study can be used to analyze the actuators both three-like and linear kinematic structures. Engineering » International Journal of Natural Sciences Research » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11
How to reach and Teach African American Students in Today’s Schools
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Education and Practice
It is inconceivable that any child will succeed in life without an education. But in the 21st century the question remains, just what kind of education are African Americans getting in today’s schools? Research indicates that some African American students are succeeding while, unfortunately, many are failing along the way. It is as though the educational system is more suited for the dominant culture than for African Americans. This manuscript provides reflections of the American educational system and offers recommendations, via the concept REACH, for making it more appropriate for the needs of African Americans. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to existing literature by delineating a unique strategy which enables African American students to experience greater success in school. It builds on some of the best practices in education to form a REACH concept. Evidence suggests that if schools are appropriately structured for students, they will learn. Arts and Education » International Journal of Education and Practice » Month: 02-2015 Issue: 2
Regulatory Roles of the National Universities Commission and the Quality of Nigerian University Education
Research Article
Author(s):
Journal: International Journal of Education and Practice
The Regulatory Roles of the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the quality of Nigerian University Education was investigated in this study. The study employed a descriptive survey design research. The population consisted of public Nigerian universities. Samples were made up of 1,500 subjects, consisting of 200 students each, randomly selected from six public universities in South-West Nigeria and 50 staff members (teaching and non-teaching) from each of the six universities selected. The findings of the study established a moderate level of NUC performance of its regulatory roles, a corresponding moderate level of quality of Nigerian university education, and a significant relationship between NUC performance of its regulatory roles and the quality of Nigerian university education. Based on the findings of the study, conclusions were drawn and it was recommended that the government should encourage the National Universities Commission to put up optimal performance and an acceptable credibility to demand compliance from Nigerian universities. Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding that the quality of Nigerian university education is not poor as perceived by most stakeholders in education, and that there existed a significant relationship between the performances of the regulatory agency and quality of university education. It complements the literature in the area investigated. Arts and Education » International Journal of Education and Practice » Month: 02-2015 Issue: 2
Contribution of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices for Sustainable Crop Productivity, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status in Maize Based Cropping Systems
Over applications of inorganic fertilizers lead nutrient imbalances, inefficiency and environmental contamination while insufficient application of nutrients causes soil fertility depletion. This problem drives the use of organic manures, which supply balanced micro and macro nutrients to the current crop and also leave a substantial residual effect on the succeeding crops in different cropping systems. But it is required in bulk as it contains nutrients in small proportion. Hence its availability is scarce for large farms. Therefore, to eliminate both excessive and inadequate applications, judicious use of integrated nutrient management is best alternative for sustainable crop productivity while maintaining soil fertility status in maize and other cereal based cropping systems. Such integrated applications have complementary and synergistic effects. Various research results have confirmed that INM improves sustainable crop productivity and soil fertility status rather than organic or mineral fertilizers alone. Most of research findings reviewed in this paper indicated that among the alternative integrated nutrient management combinations, application of chemical fertilizers integrated with organic manures in equal proportion significantly improved sustainable crop productivity, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status in maize based cropping systems. In general, combined application of inorganic fertilizers with different sources of organic manures in different proportions has significant role to boost crop productivity, improve nutrient uptake by plants and maintain soil nutrient status in maize based cropping systems. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes in the existing literature to give recent information on the importance of judicious use of integrated nutrient management that improve sustainable productivity of maize based cropping system using nutrients efficiently and ecologically friendly while keeping the soil healthy in the long run. Medical Sciences » Journal of Nutrients » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 1
Vitamin D Supplementation Practices in Pregnancy and During Infancy and Other Behaviors Related To Vitamin D Status among a Sample of Muslim Women in Ireland and Saudi Arabia
Objectives (background): Requirement for Vitamin D is high at particular stages of the lifecycle especially during pregnancy and infancy. Severe vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may increase the risk of rickets in childhood. While policies exist in Ireland regarding supplementation of Vitamin D in either pregnancy or infancy, no policy recommendation exists in Saudi Arabia. The main aim of this study was to identify attitudes towards Vitamin D supplementation as well as its prevalence in pregnancy and infancy among Muslim mothers living in Ireland and in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey consisting of 121 Muslim mothers living in Saudi Arabia and 77 Muslim women living in Ireland. Recruitment of mothers took place in three hospitals in Makkah (Saudi Arabia Al-Noor Hospital, Hera’a Hospital and Maternity and Children’s Hospital) and a religious Centre in Ireland between June and September 2012. Results: Only 28.6% of the Irish and 7.4% of the Saudi mothers had taken vitamin D supplements during their pregnancy. While 62.3% of the Muslim mothers in Ireland and 37.2% in Saudi Arabia were aware of the recommendation to give a daily vitamin D supplements to their infants until they were one year of age just 49.4% living in Ireland and 13.2% from Saudi Arabia did so. While a majority of mothers living in Ireland and Saudi Arabia were spending > 30 minutes a day outside, clothing that completely cover the body was worn by the entire sample, sunscreen was used by 44.2% in Ireland and 53.7% in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: Poor vitamin D supplementation practices are evident among Muslim mothers and infants both in Ireland and Saudi Arabia. To improve this situation, mothers should be educated about the importance of vitamin D during pregnancy and infancy. Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the supplementation practices of vitamin D during pregnancy and infancy among Muslim women in two countries with differing guidelines regarding Vitamin D supplementation as well as different latitudes, climatic conditions and cultures. This study is unique in this respect. Medical Sciences » Journal of Nutrients » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 1
Training Effects of Plyometric Training on Jump Parameters in D- And D/C-Squad Badminton Players
Plyometric training is popular among individuals involved in dynamic sports, and plyometric exercises such as jumping, hopping, skipping and bounding are executed with the goal of increasing dynamic muscular performance, especially jumping. Much less information is available on the effectiveness of plyometric training (PT) in badminton, where jumping high (e.g. forehand overhead jump-smash) is important for success. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week periodized PT program on jumping high and power among male and female junior badminton players, using high-impact bilateral plyometric exercises. Starting and finishing with the biomechanical diagnostics of the squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ) on force plates, kinematic analysis of forehand overhead smashes, anthropometric data as well as force data for pre- and posttest were analyzed. Before and after the biomechanical diagnostics, the players (n=11) undergo an 8-week PT (2 units per week) with a total of 2286 jumps. 8 male and 3 female junior badminton players (age: 16.0±1.6 years, height: 175.5±9.9 cm, mass: 69.3±11.4 kg) were tested in jumping high and forehand overhead jump-smashes performance. Looking at the plyometric strength parameters of the squat jump (P<0.05; dz=0.8) and the floor reaction-time of the drop jump (P<0.05; dz=1.1), the positive effect of the 8-week PT in junior badminton players is significant. Consequently, this form of training is essential for the development of junior and top-level badminton players. Moreover, the study has shown that the contact of the overhead smash cannot be increased by improving plyometric strength training (P>0.05). Therefore, the focus must be on technical training. Consequently, it is considered to be important to include short-term PT in in-season preparation in order to improve complex badminton-specific dynamic performance (smash-jumping). Contribution/ Originality
The paper´s primary contribution is finding that an 8-week plyometric training in junior badminton players can significantly improve different parameters in jumping high but the plyometric training has no direct influence of the overhead smash. Therefore, the focus must be on technical training. Physical Sciences » Journal of Sports Research » Month: 06-2014 Issue: 2
The Effects of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Arm Crank Time-Trial Performance
This study aimed to determine whether carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAFF) mouth rinsing would improve 30 minute arm cranking time-trial performance. Twelve male participants (age 21.54 ± 1.28 years, height 179.46 ± 7.38 cm and mass 73.69 ± 5.40 kg) took part in the current investigation. Participants came to the laboratory on 3 occasions during which they performed 30 minute self-paced arm crank time trials. On one occasion water was given as a mouth rinse for 5 s (PLA), on another occasion a 6.4% CHO solution was given for 5 s and finally a 0.032% CAFF solution was given for 5s. Key measurements of distance covered, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), cadence and power output were recorded throughout all trials. Distance covered during the CAFF (15.43 ± 3.27 km) and CHO (15.30 ± 3.31) mouth rinse trials were significantly (p<0.05) greater in comparison to PLA (13.15 ± 3.36 km). Cadence and power output and velocity were also significantly greater during the CAFF and CHO trials compared to PLA and CHO (p<0.05). No significant (P>0.05) differences between trials were observed for HR and RPE. CAFF and CHO mouth rinse serve to improve 30 minute arm cranking performance by mediating increasing cadence and power output without a concurrent increase in RPE and HR. Contribution/ Originality This study contributes in the existing literature as the first investigation to comparatively examine the influence of both carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on upper body time trial performance. Physical Sciences » Journal of Sports Research » Month: 06-2014 Issue: 2
The Study of Life Style and Demographic Characteristics of Iranian Elderly
Successful aging is largely determined by individual lifestyle choices. The purpose of this study was to determine the Status of Lifestyle in elderly population of Qazvin city. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the life style among 183 elderly selected randomly in health clinic. Lifestyle elderly questionnaire in five domains including lifestyle, prevention, exercise, nutrition, stress and relationships was used. Pearson, ANOVA and independent T-tests were applied at significance level of 0.05. The results suggested that life style has a positive correlation with prevention, exercise, nutrition, relationship On the other hand, there was a negative significant correlation between stress and life style, prevention, exercise and the positive relationship were found between exercise and relationships, nutrition. Due to growing elderly population and the importance of healthy lifestyle, it’s recommended that appropriate strategies be implemented for improving healthy lifestyle in elderly population. Consequently, Older adults adopting more healthy lifestyles are more likely to maintain active life style. Contribution/ Originality
Abstract