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This paper is a synthesis of the evolution on the use of remote sensing imagery for geological and mining mapping in West Africa, particularly in Côte d???Ivoire. For nearly 50 years, the development of countries in West Africa is mainly based on agriculture. Given the very low prices of export commodities on the world market, governments have adopted other economic policies including, in particular, the exploitation of natural mineral resources. This is as well as several countries saw their economy go on thanks to these natural resources. This is the case of Ghana (gold); Sierra Leone (gold and diamond); and Nigeria (for petroleum). For a decade, mining research has experienced rapid development in some countries in West Africa (Ghana, Mali, Guinea, Côte d???Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone...). This mining research, which is based in part on geological mapping, seems to depend on good geological maps of the affected areas of the West African Craton. It is therefore important to have access to recent and precise maps. It is consequently necessary to use new technologies to resolve the one of the major problems to which ones are confronted the geologists: the lack of sufficient outcrops in the humid tropics of West Africa to achieve accurate maps. Therefore, remote sensing imagery appears to be one of the effective tools for achieving accurate geological maps, essential supports for searching mineral resources. It is necessary that a particular methodology must be known by geologists for a better use of remote sensing imagery. Contribution/ Originality
Stream sediments of the Eastern Alborz Mountain located at Northern Iran, were studied at Silurian-formed Soltan Meydan Basaltic Formation area. The area which is mainly consisted of basalt, andesite and tuff represents a structurally active zone, with Mountain Front Sinuosity index (Smf) of 1.2, caused development of numerous faults, prominently with NE-SW trend. Assessment of potential for metallic mineral deposits in the area was carried out using stream sediment sampling and remote sensing. Total metal concentration in the AAS-analyzed sediments varies in the range of Cu: 33-106.54 ppm, Pb: 14.46-189.04 ppm, Zn: 40.88-376 ppm, Ni: 15.14-73.24 ppm, Co: 8.2-88.64 ppm, Mn: 321.6-1326.4 ppm, and Fe: 2.28-5.39 wt%. Statistical processing of geochemical data shows two concentrated areas as geochemical anomalies. These areas are matched with those which are presented by Photo-lineament Factor (PF) indicating high density of regional structures and tectonic features. Taking high-concentrated-fractured areas into account, it is suggested that there is a close relationship between structural features and the possibility of mineralization which explains that the stream sediments could have been enriched by streams flowing through well-developed drainage system. Contribution/ Originality
Gestalt theory is one of the most effecting theories. This theory has been used in different fields but until now it is not used about Iranian architecture. Absence of researches about Iranian architecture according to gestalt theory, making analysis shows more up. So present research meantime of explaining gestalt theory and it???s connection with landscape architect means proceed to gestalt theory in this field. The fundamental research questions are: What concepts can be explained according to gestalt? does we able to analyze the historical gardens via this theory? What dimensions will be emphasized more based on gestalt theory about analysis of historical garden? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this theory? To answer these questions, in field theory the research methodology: "logical reasoning" and in field analysis samples; the research methodology "the diffusion of using combination strategies" are used. After reviewing gestalt theory and expressing the theoretical concepts, concepts related to this theory, in a sample like ???Fin-Garden??? in Kashan is putting to the analysis. Studies show that, although many years have passed from gestalt theory, they are useful and can be used for landscape architecture and it can unclear aspects of Iranian landscape architecture and putting on recognition. Contribution/ Originality
The purpose of this code is to provide international standards for the management and safe operation of ships and pollution prevention Furthermore, this study has the objective to identify the role of the ISM Code on maritime activities in Indonesia, knowing the perceptions and attitudes regarding the conduct of the crew boat ISM Code. Location research is conducted on the crew that was in the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta. Data collection and processing is done for 3 months. The study was conducted using a survey approach by distributing questionnaires to the crew (respondents) from different hierarchy. Respondents were asked to fill out questionnaires about the intentions of the respondents in the implementation and compliance with the ISM Code safety rules for shipping. The primary data used in this study were obtained by a structured interview to the crew of passenger ships carrying commodities and goods in the country. Selection of boats done by purposive method, which is the selected ship types ship transporting passengers and goods in the domestic commodities. While the selection is done by the crew convenience method which is one form of non-random sampling methods or non-probabilistic unrestricted. The selection of the crew carried out when the ship was leaning / docked in the port of Tanjung Priok Jakarta and Merak port in Banten. Based on these results it can be concluded in general that the respondents are interested in the concept of the ISM Code as ineffectively to be more related to the supervision of the safety of shipping. It is turns out to be a featured subject of their compliance with the ISM Code as well as the application of this rule is also easy to understand. However, not all respondents are interested in the ISM Code, this is because the respondents consider that the ISM Code executed is just a formality and then it is not supported by the safety adequate equipment, non-compliance crew also based on the lack of socialization of the ISM Code. Contribution/ Originality
In this research three main effective factors, "Official Training", "Delegation of Authority" and "Job Rotation" in Fars-No Cement Company and Shiraz Electric Power Distribution Company have been investigated and with comparing of the given data priority and matching of the factors will be shown. The statistical society of this research is 130 persons that all are the official employees of Fars-No Cement Company and 364 persons in Shiraz Electric Power Distribution Company and with using the Morgan table, number of 100 of the Fars-No Cement Company and number of 190 of the Shiraz Electric Power Distribution Company have been elected as sample under the Class Method. For gathering the information, it has been used the questionnaire with the 24 questions. The Validity of the questionnaire has been surveyed based on the scientific texts and its Reliability has been determined based on the index of Cronbach’s alpha, 0.891. Then with using the software of SPSS analyze the information with taking T, Fredman, Anova and Tukey tests and with comparing between these two companies, revealed that Delegation of Authority, Official Training and finally Job Rotation are orderly effective factors on empowerment of human resource. Contribution/ Originality
Let f(z) be an analytic function in the open unit disk U normalized with f (0)=0 and f’(0)=1. In this paper, the starlikeness for f(z) is discussed Contribution/ Originality
In this paper, we develop numerical methods based on a non-polynomial spline function with uniform grid for solving certain class of singularly perturbed boundary value problems. The proposed methods are second-order and fourth-order accurate. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods. Contribution/ Originality
Since 2007, Northern Ghana has continuously experienced the double tragedy of droughts and floods which are manifestations of climate change. How these climate change manifestations are affecting livelihoods and social organisations of affected people and communities, especially the poor and vulnerable in Northern Ghana remains largely underestimated. This paper examines how climate change affects household food security, livelihoods and social safety in Northern Ghana. The paper conceptualises the transmission mechanisms of the effects of climate change on rural livelihoods. Observations and a desk review were the main methods employed. The main conclusion drawn is that, climate change is being felt in almost all parts of the world, particularly in the developing world including Ghana. Climate change makes affected communities and people vulnerable to food and nutrition insecurity and reduces social safety. It challenges the resilience of the poor and vulnerable across Ghana, especially those in the Northern part of the country where poverty is endemic to cope with emergencies triggered by natural and related disasters. To mitigate the effects of the climate change menace on the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable, the development and implementation of a holistic climate change adaptation framework across the country and Northern Ghana in particular is recommended. Concerted efforts must be made to ensure that such a framework is socially acceptable, environmentally sustainable, economically viable, gender sensitive and politically stable. Contribution/ Originality
In this paper, we examine the relationship between information and communications technology (ICT) development and economic growth in top 10 economic, using panel cointegration, and panel-based error correction models from annual data covering the period of 1980 to 2010. The empirical results support of a short-run cointegration relationship after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect. The long-run relationship is estimated using a full-modified OLS. The evidence shows that short run causalities run from ICT to GDP and vice versa. This means that an increase in ICT directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further ICT. The direction of causation between ICT and economic growth has significant policy implications. Contribution/ Originality
Across the world, NGOs act as critical players in the promotion of socioeconomic by providing gap filling interventions. This article examined NGOs working in the land sector in Zimbabwe, paying special focus on their formation dynamics, programming, research and policy advocacy. The study identified around 155 NGOs working in the land sector. While NGO advocacy during the first decade was restricted to community welfare issues, by 2008, it had expanded to include topical issues such as land allocation, land rights, land use, water rights, gender rights and human rights, among others. NGOs such as the African Institute of Agrarian Studies were at the forefront, cogently articulating land reform discourse in Zimbabwe as a global phenomena with parallels across the world. Notwithstanding this, NGO land advocacy faced several structural and operational challenges. It suffered from a highly polarized environment, blurred lines of authority, mutual mistrust between State and NGOs, reluctance by donors to provide funds for land advocacy as well as deep-seated discrepancies in the conceptualization of land reform issues. Global experiences suggest that effective NGO land advocacy is most likely where there is mutual trust between state and non state policy actors. Contribution/ Originality
Xylanases are hydrolases which depolymerise the plant cell wall component-xylan, the second most abundant polysaccharide. They are mainly produced by microorganisms but can also be found in plants, marine algae, protozoans, crustaceans, insects, and snails. Because of their ability to break down xylan, these enzymes especially of microbial origin, have attracted more attention due to their potential role in pulping and bleaching processes, in food and feed industry, textile processes and organic waste treatment. Xylanases are more suitable in paper and pulp industry than lignin degrading enzymes. Owing to the increasing biotechnological importance of thermostable xylanases, many potential thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacterial genera like Bacillus, Thermotoga, Streptomyces, Thermomyces, Pyrococcus and Sulfolobus and some fungal genera like Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillum, Aureobasidium have been identified. As tolerance to higher pH and temperature are desirable properties of xylanase for effective use in pulp treatment, thermophillic organisms are of special interest as a source of novel thermostable xylanases. But for large scale production of xylanases, reduction of cost is still very challenging. This review encompasses the sources, classification, industrial and future prospects of xylanases with special reference to thermostable ones. Contribution/ Originality
Ageratum conyzoides, Moringa oleifera and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides are among medicinal plants commonly used in African folk medicine as remedies for the treatments of high blood pressure and heart related diseases. This study was carried out to compare the effects of Ageratum conyzoides, Moringa oleifera and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides extracts on serum lipid profile in albino rats. Thirty five albino rats were grouped into seven each containing five rats. Control rats (Group 1) received distilled water while test groups (2-7) were administered the extracts at two dose levels (200mg/kg bw and 500mg/kg bw) for 14 days. Results indicated that Moringa oleifera and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides extracts caused significant reduction in the concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL-cholesterol with Moringa oleifera having the most significant effect. There was also a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol concentration in rats administered Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides compared with the control. Treatment of rats with Ageratum conyzoides had no effects on lipid metabolism as there was no significant changes in lipid profile of rats treated with this extract compared with the control. This result implies that Moringa oleifera and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides might be useful in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases arising from hyperlipidemia. Contribution/ Originality
The present study investigated the effects of sodium azide on the survival, growth and yield performance of rice (Oryza sativa, FARO 57 variety) in a hydrocarbon-polluted soil. Top soil (0 - 10cm) of known physiochemical parameters was collected randomly from a marked plot beside the Botanic Garden, University of Benin. Thereafter, 10 kg of sun-dried soil each was placed into large perforated buckets with 8 perforations made, at the bottom of each bucket, with a 2-mm diameter nail. Waste petrol-engine oil (WEO) was poured into the measured soil, and thoroughly mixed to obtain 2.5 % w/w oil in soil. Soils were then allowed to attenuate for two months. Rice seeds were pre-treated with various concentrations of sodium azide (NaN3) solution on weight per volume basis (0.004, 0.008, 0.016, 0.032 and 0.064% w/v NaN3 solution) for 6 hours before sowing in polluted and control soils. The untreated seeds were presoaked in distilled water. Results showed that tillering of rice plant was greatly enhanced by NaN3 treatment. At 89 days after sowing (DAS), the average number of tillers observed was 6.70, 7.00 and 7.00 for the untreated plants in unpolluted soil, 0.004%w/v NaN3 and 0.016%w/v NaN3 treated plants respectively. Total number of grains obtained per rice stand was 81 in the untreated plants (control). This reduced to 64 grains/stand in the untreated rice plants sown in polluted soils. However, yield increased to a range of 103 ??? 159 grains/stand as levels of NaN3 pre-treatments increased. Evidently, pre-treatment of rice seeds prior to sowing in polluted soils enhanced their vegetative growth and yield as well as plant survival. Contribution/ Originality
Research has been done on the culture of Ankistrodesmus sp. through heterotrophic conditions to obtain lipid content. Heterotrophic culture with the addition of several concentrations of cassava starch hydrolysate (CSH) as a source of organic carbon that increased lipid content. The highest cell density and cell growth rate (cell division) of Ankistrodesmussp achieved at 10 g.l-1 of CSH concentration on 2.46 x 106 cells.ml-1 which occurred at the 8th day and 0.50 cells.day-1 respectively. While the highest biomass and lipid content achieved at 5 g.l-1 of CSH concentration on 0.94 g.l-1 and 26% respectively. Contribution/ Originality
Heavy Metal Contents and Microbial Flora of Fresh Leaves of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfaria Occidentalis) Collected From Road-Side Open Markets in Benin Metropolis, Midwestern Nigeria
Research Article
Author(s):
Beckley Ikhajiagbe, Ujomonigho E. Odigie, Osazuwa Omoregbee, Joy I. Oghogho
Journal: The International Journal of Biotechnology
The present study investigated heavy metal contents and microbial flora of fresh leaves of fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) collected from road-side open markets in Benin Metropolis, Midwestern Nigeria. Seven roadside open stall markets were randomly selected in 4 Local Government Areas in Benin Metropolis, Southern Nigeria. Results of the present study showed varying bioaccumulated concentrations of heavy metals in the leaves. Cu in the leaves ranged from 12.0 ??? 15.5. This was however within the FAO/WHO limit. Hazard quotient for Fe in fresh leaves of fluted pumpkin ranged from 31.89 ??? 143.89 and 100.0 ??? 275.0 in Zn; an indication for heavy metal toxicity. Microbial flora of the leaves comprised of Vibro sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Alcaligen faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Seratia sp., Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium solani. Contribution/ Originality
OBJECTIVE: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) has been found not to be specific for the screening of cancer of the prostate (CaP). We determined serum levels of prostate specific antigen, malondialdehyde (MDA) and gamma glutamyl transferase in patients with newly diagnosed CaP and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)DESIGN: A cross sectional studySETTING: It was carried out in the urology clinic of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, NigeriaSUBJECTS: A total of 67, 50 and 70 men for patients with BPH, CaP and healthy age matched control respectively were recruited. RESULTS: Serum MDA(µmol/l) was observed to be significantly higher in CaP(2.05±0.64) than in BPH (1.68±0.41); p<0.05. There were also a significant higher value of serum MDA in CaP(p<0.01) and BPH(p<0.05) when compared with control (0.06±0.09). Significant higher serum levels of PSA (ng/ml) was observed in patients with CaP (70.25±50.40) than patients with BPH (22.77±10.17); p<0.01. Serum PSA(ng/ml) also was found to be significantlly higher in CaP(p<0.01) as well as BPH (p<0.01) when compared with control (0.76±0.54). There was a significant positive correlation between serum MDA and PSA in patients with CaP(r=0.701;p<0.05) and BPH (r=0.651;p<0.05). There were no significant differences in serum GGT among the study groupsCONCLUSSION: Serum level of malonaldehyde may be used as a marker in screening for prostate cancer as a compliment to PSA. Gamma glutamyl transferase may have no place in prostatic cancer detection. Contribution/ Originality
There are increasing reports of food poisoning due to methods used for processing certain food items in most parts of Africa especially in Nigeria. Also, very scanty information is available on the nutritional status and microbial counts of over-ripe fried plantain (Dodo-ikire) locally produced among the indigenes of Ikire Town and sold in some parts of Western States of Nigeria. This experiment reports the proximate, minerals and microbial counts of over-ripe fried plantain as affected by vendors in three different markets in Ikire Town, Osun State, Nigeria. Samples were obtained from four vendors each in three different markets namely: Total Station Market (TSM1-TSM4), Oja Ale Market (OAM1-OAM4) and Gbongan Garage Market (GGM1-GGM4). Among the samples obtained in TSM, the crude protein of sample TSM1 (4.16%) is not statistically different from the control (4.59%) but higher (p<0.05) than other treatments. The total ash of sample TSM2 (1.53%) and TSM3 (1.51%) were lower (p<0.05) compared with other samples. In the market coded OAM; the crude fat of sample OAM2 (15.4%) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the value obtained for control and other samples, while total carbohydrate ranged from 66.81 to 76.64%. The results obtained for crude fibre ranged from 1.69% to 2.55%. The bacterial counts of dodo ikire purchased from four vendors in Total Station Market indicated that the samples coded TSM1 (8.0cfu/g) and TSM2 (9.0 cfu/g) had higher (p<0.05) bacterial counts compared with samples purchased from all the vendors in the selected market and the control sample. Samples TSM2 and TSM3 had the same level of fungal counts (3.0cfu/g) which differed significantly (p<0.05) from the values of sample TSM1 (4.0cfu/g). Among the samples obtained from vendors in Gbongan Garage Market, it is observed that the crude protein of samples GGM1 (3.53%), GGM3 (3.54%) and GGM4 (3.94%) were not significantly (p<0.05) different but lower compared with the value (4.59%) of the control.The range of values obtained for minerals were Sodium (21.089-44.437mg/kg), Potassium (16.345-17.432mg/kg), Calcium (3.567-5.005mg/kg), Magnesium (1.842-2.776mg/kg), Phosphorus (5.026-5.263mg/kg), Copper (0.000-0.004mg/kg), Iron (0.075-0.246mg/kg), Manganese (0.023-0.034mg/kg) and Zinc (0.002-0.004mg/kg). The sodium content (44.437mg/kg) of sample TSM is significantly (p<0.05) higher compared with samples from other markets and the control, while the values of potassium, phosphorus, manganese and zinc were not significantly (p<0.05) difference among the treatment samples from the markets and the control.The study concluded that the observable increase in fat, which results from the addition of palm oil; which is a major source of cholesterol to the over ripe plantain could pose deleterious effect on susceptible person consuming foods containing high cholesterol. The significantly higher values of microbial counts obtained in the samples purchased from some of the vendors compared with control sample which was prepared in the laboratory indicated poor hygiene practices by the vendors. From the result of microbial counts, it is suggested that improvement be made on preparation practices and that better choice of dodo ikire packaging material could also help to minimize microbial contamination.Finally, it was suggested that hawking in densely populated areas of the town should be discouraged to minimize microbial contamination of the final dodo ikire product during distribution and marketing. Contribution/ Originality
The purpose of this paper was to examine teaching-learning process in primary schools in Tanzania within the context of the impact of teacher- pupil ratio on the teaching- learning process with reference to two selected administrative districts in Dar es Salaam region, which are Temeke and Kinondoni, to represent the entire country. Tanzania has made a significant effort to improve the educational system through the Primary Educational Development Plan (PEDP). The government launched the Primary Educational Development Plan (PEDP) in 2002. This reform aims to show Tanzania’s commitment towards the global education for all targets expressed by the international community in Jomtien 1990 and Dakar 2000. The main priority of Primary Educational Development Plan (PEDP) is to increase an overall enrolment of girls and boys. The country has been awarded and recognized for the attainment of the millennium development goals before the time frame of 2015. This incredible job on universal primary education enrolment has been due to the eradication of school fees for primary education. In 2001, primary school enrolment expanded to 95%. This reform has brought about a substantial increase in enrolment which in turn brings one important question to the fore. What are the effects of hasty enrolment on the teaching-learning of pupils in primary school? Contribution/ Originality
Remediating Some Learning Difficulties of L200 Science Education Students of Modibbo Adama University of Technology in Some Physics Concepts Using Multiple Representations
Research Article
Author(s):
Kodjo Donkor Taale
Journal: International Journal of Education and Practice
Academic performance and achievement of students is highly dependent on the approach of presenting information and how it is received. This study was an action research using the problem-solving strategy to find out the effect of multiple representations-based instruction on students’ performance in some physics concepts. This was done by collecting both qualitative and quantitative data with two instruments, pre-test, to assess students’ prior knowledge and post-test to determine the final state of the learners. A sample of 40 L200 Geography Education students of the Department of Science Education, Modibbo Adama University of Technology took part in the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The results obtained showed an improvement in students’ achievement on basic concepts in optics, heat and mechanics. Students performed relatively better in optics (80% of the students) scoring 45% and above of the marks; followed by thermal physics (heat) (70%) and mechanics (50%). Also, effect size of 0.41calculated to see effectiveness of the treatment confirmed the improvement in the students’ performance. This study suggests that it is possible to use multiple representations in physics instruction to motivate and sustain students’ interest in the subject, especially those with limited physics’ knowledge to apply the laws and formulae learnt to calculate and solve problems correctly. Contribution/ Originality
Recently, tablet technologies have grown tremendously in popularity. They lend themselves to a myriad of learning modalities and therefore may be well suited to use in schools and universities. While teachers work to find useful applications for tablets, students have already begun using them at home and, in secondary and higher education, in classes. Unfortunately, sometimes when students use tablets for courses they play with “apps,” rather than using the technology as a useful and powerful tool. The current article addresses ways to use tablet technologies to their fullest potential as important learning devices in higher education. Contribution/ Originality
Abstract