This research was carried out at two farms located in the Karacabey region of Turkey: an extensive goat farm (A) and a semi-intensive goat farm (B). A total of 32 Saanen goats (3 years old) at an early stage of their second lactation were selected from Farm A and Farm B. The total DM intake (TDM) values were 1.89 and 1.86 (kg d-1) for goats housed on the A and B farms, respectively. Compared with Farm A, Farm B produced more milk each day (P<0.05; 1.38 -. 1.76 kg day-1). The milk samples taken from Farm A had a higher (P<0.05) milk fat content than the samples from Farm B (milk fat=4.40 and 1.89 %, respectively). The serum creatinine values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the blood of goats from farm A compared with farm B (1.11 and 0.56 mg dl-1, respectively). Comparison of glucose levels from both farms showed a significantly higher level of glucose in the blood samples from goats at Farm B (P<0.05; 24.23 and 61.43 mg dl-1). Serum parameters for cholesterol, GGT and urea were not affected by the feeding system (P > 0.05).
Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the milk composition, bacteriology and selected blood parameters of dairy goats under different feeding systems.
C. Devendra, "Feeding system for goats in the humid tropics," presented at the Int. Symp. On Nutrition and Systems of Goat Feeding. 12-15th May, 1981, Tours, France, 1981.
B. C. Yalcın, Sheep and goats in Turkey. Rome: FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986.
N. P. Singh and S. Kumar, "An alternative approach to research for harnessing production potential of goats," in Proceedings of 4 th National Extension Congress , Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, 9-11March. World Organısatıon for Anımal Health (oıe). Contagious Agalactia, Terrestrial Manual, 2007, pp. 992-997.
D. Fedele, M. Pizzillo, S. Claps, P. Morand-Fehr, and R. Rubino, "Grazing behaviour and diet selection of goats on native pasture in Southern Italy," Small Ruminant Res., vol. 11, pp. 305-322, 1993.
F. Morge, "Effet du niveau d’acidog´en´ecit´e de 2 concentr´es sur les performances zootechniques de ch`evres laiti`eres conduits au pˆaturage (Effect of Level of Acidogenecity in 2 Concentrates on Milk Performances of Grazing Dairy Goats)," Rapport Station ExpErimentale du Pradel DRSQ/PA2000.
S. Claps, R. Rubino, V. Fedele, G. Morone, and A. Trana, "Effect of concentrate supplementation on milk production, chemical features and milk volatile compounds in grazing goats," presented at the In: FAO-CIHEAM Seminar on Sustainable Grazing, Nutritional Utilization and Quality of Sheep and Goat Products, Grenada (Sp.), 2–4 October 2003, Session 2, 2003.
G. Pulina, A. Mazzette, G. Battacone, and A. Nudda, "Feed restriction alters milk production traits in Sarda dairy ewes," J. Dairy Sci., vol. 89, p. 59, 2006.
T. Degirmencıoglu, H. Unal, and H. Kuraloglu, "Comparison of extensive or semi-intensive feeding for Anatolian water buffalo," Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 27, pp. 712-715, 2015.
AOAC, Official methods of analysis, 15th ed. Arlington, VA: Assoc. Off. Anal Chem, 1990.
J. B. Robertson and P. J. Vansoest, The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In the analysis of dietary fiber in food. WPT James and O Theander, Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1981.
NRC, Nutrient requirements of dairy goat 5 th reved. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1975.
Anonymous, Standart methods for examination of dairy product. 3th Ed. By Richardson, G.H. Washington DC, USA, 412: American Publish Health Assosiation, 1992.
R. A. J. Nicholas, R. D. Ayling, and L. Mcauliffe, Mycoplasma diseases of ruminants: Disease, diagnosis and control, 98-111, Detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma species using PCR/Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Wallingford,Oxon, GBR: CABI Publishing, 2008.
J. B. Poveda, Biochemical charactristics in mycoplasma identification. In: methods in molecular biology. Mycoplasma protocols, editors: Mıles, RJ, Nicholas RA vol. 104. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc, 1998.
SPSS, Statistical package for social sciences. Pc version 15. SPSS Inc. 444. N. Michigan Avenue Chicago: United States of America, 2006.
W. G. Cochran and G. M. Cox, In experimental designs, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1957.
H. Pridolova, B. Janstova, S. Cupáková, M. Drackova, P. Navratilova, and L. Vorlova, "Somatic cell count in goat milk," Folia Veterinaria, vol. 53, p. 101—105, 2009.
T. Degirmencıoglu, "Using humic acid in diets for dairy goats," Animal Science Papers and Reports, vol. 32, pp. 25-32, 2014.
.A. Cabbidu, A. Branca, M. Decandia, A. Pes, P. M. Santucci, F. Masoero, and L. Calamari, "Relationship between body condition score, metabolic profile, milk yield and milk composition in goats browsing a mediterranean shrubland," Livest. Prod. Sci., vol. 61, pp. 267-273, 1999.
V. Sales-Duval, J. P. Danon, and J. J. Goby, "Rochon Influence of food systems of the Catalan maquis area of the composition of the milk fat of goat FAO-CIHEAM," presented at the Seminar on Sustainable Grazing, Nutritional Utilization and Quality of Sheep and Goat Products and Rangelands, Grenada (Sp.), 2–4 October 2003, Session 2, 2003.
E. Bagnicka, A. Winnicka, and A. Jaowick, "Relationship between somatic cell count and bacterial pathogens in goat milk," Small Rum. Res., vol. 100, pp. 72-77, 2011.
J. K. Kyozaire, C. M. Veary, I. M. Petzer, and E. F. Donkın, "Microbiological quality of goats milk obtained under different production systems," J. S. Afr. Vet. Ass., vol. 76, pp. 69-73, 2005.
R. Foschino, A. Invernizzi, R. Barucco, and K. Stradiotto, "Microbial composition including the incidence of pathogens of goat milk from the Bergamo region of Italy during lactation year," J. Dairy Res., vol. 69, pp. 213-225, 2002.
M. D. Pertinez, M. J. Alcalde, J. L. Gazman, J. M. Castel, and F. Caravaca, "Effect of hygiene sanitory management on goat milk quality in semiextensive systems in Spain," Small Rum. Res., vol. 47, pp. 51-61, 2003.
Z. J. Liu and N. P. Mcmeniman, "Effect of nutrition level and diets on creatinine excretion by sheep," Small Ruminant Res., vol. 63, pp. 265-273, 2006.
J. A. Imasuen, "Effect of different management environment on hematological perfomance ın West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats," Journal of Research ın Forestry, Wıldlıfe and Envıronment, vol. 4, pp. 73-78, 2013.
C. Luckstadt, Acidifiers in animal nutrition, 1st ed. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2007.
T. Sahlu, H. Carnerıo, H. M. E. L. Shaer, and J. M. Fernandez, "Production performance and physiological responses of Angora goat kids feed acidified milk replacer," J. Dairy Sci., vol. 75, pp. 1643-1650, 1992.
K. H. Teh, S. Flint, J. Palmer, D. Lindsay, P. Andrewes, and P. Bremer, "Thermo-resistant enzyme-producing bacteria isolated from the internal surfaces of raw milk tankers," International Dairy Journal, vol. 21, pp. 742-747, 2011.
Statistics:
Search :
Funding:
This study received no specific financial support.
Competing Interests:
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.