Department of Clinical studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia 1
Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology (Biochemistry), College of Veterinary Medicine and animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria Univers 5
Additional Biomarkers are required for estimation of the oxidative stress status in camel trypanosomiasis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine lipid peroxidation, enzymatic antioxidants level and hematological indices in camels naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi and trypanosome free camels (control). The clinical examinations reveled that all the infected camels showed signs of loss of appetite, diarrhea and loss of weight with poor body condition. Hematological analysis revealed a significant decrease (P=0.022-0.031) in the values of total erythrocytic count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb) and Packed cell volume (PCV) in trypansoma infected camels (5.0 ± 0.5 ×1012/L; 5.7 ± 0.5 g/dl; 21.8 ± 1.0%) compared to control group (9.6 ± 0.6 ×1012/L; 10.3 ± 0.5 g/dl; 29.1 ± 1.5%). However, the values of total leucocytic counts (TLC) and differential counts were comparable to the control values except for Eosinophils value which were significantly (P=0.023) increased in trypanosome infected camel (6.0 ± 1.9%) compare to the control (1.8 ± 0.8%). Biochemical analysis indicated that, lipid peroxidation level was significantly (P=0.021) increased in trypansoma infected camels as reflected on higher values of malonaldhyde (MDA; 6.3 ± 0.3µM) as compare to the control (0.07 ± 0.01µM). The activity of glutathione reductase was significantly (P=0.025) increased in trypansoma infected camels (1.3 ± 0.01nmol/ml) compare to the control (0.8 ± 0.2nmol/ml) whereas, the activity of super oxide dismutase (SOD) remained unchanged (P=0.072) in trypansoma infected camels compare to the control healthy animal. The present findings concluded that Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels was associated with lipids peroxidation and oxidative stress. In addition, the present study suggests that glutathione reductase may use as oxidative stress biomarker in Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels.
Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated lipid peroxidation, enzymatic antioxidants level and hematological indices in camels naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi.
E. M. Hamad, E. A. Abdel-Rahim, and E. A. Romeih, "Beneficial effect of camel milk on liver and kidneys function in diabetic sprague-dawley rats," Int. J. Dairy Sci., vol. 6, pp. 190-197, 2011.
G. M. Meiloud, I. N. Ould Bouraya, A. Samb, and A. Houmeida, "Composition of mauritanian camel milk: Results of first study," Int. J. Agric. Biol., vol. 13, pp. 145–147, 2011.
B. Brun, H. Hecker, and Z. R. Lun, "Trypanosoma evansi and T. Equiperdum: Distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship (A Review)," Vet. Parasitol, vol. 79, pp. 95–107, 1998.
F. N. C. Enwezor and A. K. B. Sackey, "Camel trypanosomosis—A review," Vet. Arch., vol. 75, pp. 439–452, 2005.
M. S. Al-Khalifa, H. S. Hussein, F. M. Diab, and G. M. Khalil, "Blood parasites of livestock in certain regions in Saudi Arabia," Saudi J. Biol. Sci., vol. 16, pp. 63–67, 2009.
C. Gutierrez, J. A. Corbera, M. C. Juste, F. Doreste, and I. Morales, "An outbreak of abortions and high neonatal mortality associated with trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels in the Canary Islands," Vet. Parasitol, vol. 130, pp. 163–168, 2005.
P. R. Jatkar and M. S. Purohit, "Pathogenesis of anaemia in trypanosoma evansi infection," Ind. Vet. J., vol. 48, pp. 239-244, 1971.
V. O. Anosa, "Haematological and biochemical changes in human and animal trytpanosomiasis. Part. 1," Revue Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop., vol. 41, pp. 65–78, 1988.
K. Taylor and E. M. L. Authie, Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis. In: I. Maudlin, P.H. Holmes and M.A Miles (Eds). The trypanosomiases. Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, 2004.
Z. I. Chaudhary and J. Iqbal, "Incidence, biochemical and haematological alterations induced by natural trypanosomosis in racing dromedary camels," Acta Trop., vol. 77, pp. 209–213, 2000.
A. A. Al–Qarawi, H. Abdel–Rahman, and S. A. ElMougy, "Impairment in the pituitary–thyroid axis of the camelus dromedarius infected with trypanosoma evansi," Deut. Tierarztl. Wochenschr, vol. 108, pp. 172–174, 2001.
M. A. Saleh, "Erythrocytic oxidative damage in crossbred cattle naturally infected with babesia bigemina," Res. Vet. Sci., vol. 86, pp. 43–48, 2009.
M. A. Saleh, M. B. Al-Salahy, and S. A. Sanousi, "Oxidative stress in blood of camels (Camelus Dromedaries) naturally infected with trypanosoma evansi," Vet. Parasitol., vol. 162, pp. 192–199, 2009.
T. Lu, X. L. Piao, and Q. Zhang, "A protective effects of forsythia suspensa extract against oxidative stress induced by diquat in rats," Food and Chemical Toxicol, vol. 48, pp. 764–770, 2010.
A. Mujahid, Y. Yoshiki, Y. Akiba, and M. Toyomizu, "Superoxide radical production in chicken skeletal muscle induced by acute heat stress," Poult. Sci., vol. 84, pp. 307-314, 2005.
E. Cadenas and K. J. A. Davies, "Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging," Free Radic. Biol. Med., vol. 29, pp. 222–230, 2000.
H. Kühn and A. Borchert, "Regulation of enzymatic lipid peroxidation: The interplay of peroxidizing and peroxide reducing enzymes," Free Radic. Biol. Med., vol. 33, pp. 154–172, 2002.
O. Sehirli, A. Tozan, G. Omurtag, S. Cetinel, G. Contuk, N. Gedik, and G. Sener, "Protective effect of resveratrol against naphthalene-induced oxidative stress in mice," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 71, pp. 301–308, 2008.
H. Sies, Oxidative stress: Introduction. In: H. Sies (Eds).Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. San Diego: Academic Press Inc, 1991.
H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, "The role of superoxide anion in the auto oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase," J. Biol. Chem., vol. 274, pp. 3170–3174, 1972.
M. Arias and W. B. Jakoby, Glutathione: Metabolism and function. New York, USA: Raven Press, 1976.
Z. A. Placer, L. L. Cushman, and B. C. Johnson, "Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (Malonyldialdehyde) in biochemical systems," Anal. Biochem., vol. 16, pp. 359–364, 1966.
SAS, Statistical analysis system. User's guide. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc, 2002.
J. M. C. Gutteridge, "Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage," Clin. Chem., vol. 41, pp. 1819–1828, 1995.
I. O. Igbokwe, K. A. N. Esievo, D. I. Saror, and O. K. Obagaiye, "Increased susceptibility of erythrocytes to in vitro peroxidation in acute trypanosoma brucei infection of mice," Vet. Parasitol, vol. 55, pp. 279–286, 1994.
B. Chandrasekar, P. C. Melby, D. A. Troyer, and G. L. Freeman, "Differential regulation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in experimental acute chagasic cardiomyopathy," Exp. Immunol., vol. 121, pp. 112–119, 2000.
A. D. Malvezi, R. Cecchini, F. De Souza, C. E. Tadokora, L. V. Rizzo, and P. Pinge-Filho, "Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha in the oxidative stress associated with anemia in experimental trypanosoma cruzi infection," FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., vol. 41, pp. 69–77, 2004.
J. Wen, G. Vyatkina, and N. Garg, "Oxidative damage during chagasic cardiomyopathy development: Role of mitochondrial oxidant release and inefficient antioxidant defense," Free Radic. Biol. Med., vol. 37, pp. 1821–1833, 2004.
B. Halliwell and J. M. C. Gutteridge, "The importance of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases," Mol. Aspects Med., vol. 8, pp. 89–193, 1985.
U. Bandyopadhyay, D. Das, and R. K. Banerjee, "Reactive oxygen species: Oxidative damage and pathogenesis," Current Science, vol. 77, pp. 658-666, 1999.
M. Kurata, M. Suzuki, and N. S. Agar, "Antioxidant systems and erythrocyte life-span in mammals," Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B., vol. 106, pp. 477–487, 1993.
I. N. Zelko, T. J. Mariani, and R. J. Folz, "Superoxide dismutase multigene family. A comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression," Free Radic. Biol. Med., vol. 33, pp. 337–349, 2002.
R. Masella, R. Di Benedetto, R. Var?, C. Filesi, and C. Giovannini, "Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: Involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes," J. Nutr. Biochem., vol. 16, pp. 577–586, 2005.
O. H. Omer, H. M. Mousa, and N. Al-Wabel, "Study on the antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi," Vet. Parasitol., vol. 145, pp. 142–145, 2007.
E. R. Jaffe, "Methaemoglobinaemia," Clin. Haematol, vol. 10, pp. 99-122, 1981.
J. W. Harvey, The erythrocyte: Physiology, metabolism and biochemical disorders. In: J.J. Kaneko and J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 5th ed. London: Academic Press, 1997.
B. O. Ikede, M. Lule, and R. J. Terry, "Anaemia in trypanosomiasis: Mechanisms of erythrocyte destruction in mice infected with trypanosoma congolense or T. brucei," Acta Trop., vol. 34, pp. 53–60, 1977.