Aliyu, B. and E. Wachap, 2014. Vegetable cowpea as a source of cheap protein and an environmentally friendly crop for urban cities. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 181: 301-312.Available at: https://doi.org/10.2495/eid140261.

Ayana, E., E. Tadesse, A. Mengistu and A. Hassen, 2013. Advanced evaluation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) accessions for fodder production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 5(3): 55-61.

BBS, 2018. Year book of agricultural statistics of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Carlos, G., 2004. COWPEA: Post-harvest operations. Rome, Italy: AGST/FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) pp: 61-69.

Duram, L.A., 1997. A pragmatic study of conventional and alternative farmers in Colorado. The Professional Geographer, 49(2): 202-213.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00070.

Esther, W., 2019. The adoption of improved cowpea varieties in Northern Ghana .CSIR-Food Research Institute, Accra, Acta Scientific Agriculture, 3(7): 14-20.Available at: https://doi.org/10.31080/asag.2019.03.0510.

Khrishi, P.H., 2016. A hand book of agro-technology. Joydebpur, Gazipur: Published by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute.

Mamun, A.A., M., J.M. Alam, E. Z.D. and S. Barua, 2019. Potential economic benefit and producers’ Willingness to Adopt Bt-Brinjal in Bangladesh: An ex-ante analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research, 6(3): 137-149.Available at: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.70.2019.63.137.149.

Márcia, C., T. Lino-Neto, E. Rosa and V. Carnide, 2017. Cowpea: A legume crop for a challenging environment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(13): 4273-4284.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8250.

Marenya, P.P. and C.B. Barrett, 2007. Household-level determinants of adoption of improved natural resources management practices among smallholder farmers in western Kenya. Food Policy, 32(4): 515-536.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.10.002.

Mbavai, J., M. Shitu, T. Abdoulaye, A. Kamara and S. Kamara, 2015. Pattern of adoption and constraints to adoption of improved cowpea varieties in the Sudan Savanna zone of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 7(12): 322-329.Available at: https://doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2015.0694.

Moussa, B., J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. Fulton and K. Boys, 2011. The economic impact of cowpea research in West and Central Africa: A regional impact assessment of improved cowpea storage technologies. Journal of Stored Products Research, 47(3): 147-156.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2011.02.001.

Padulosil, S. and N.Q. Ng, 1997. Origin, taxonomy, and morphology of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp."  In Singh, B. B.; Mohan, D. R.; Dashiell, K. E.; Jackai, L. E. N. (Eds.), Advances in Cowpea Research. Ibadan, Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences.

Patricia, P., P.O. Acheampong, H.O. Bonsu and N. Fujio, 2016. Disadoption of improved Agronomic practices in Cowpea and Maize at Ejura-Sekyeredumase and Atebubu- Amantin Districts in Ghana. Sustainable Agriculture Research; Canadian Center of Science and Education, 5(3): 93-102.

Sabo, E., R. Bashir, A. Gidado, R. Sani and O. Adeniji, 2014. Investigation on production constraints and adoption of inorganic insecticides and spraying regime in management of cowpea (Vigna uncuiculata L. Walp) insects in Mubi zone, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 6(1): 11-20.Available at: https://doi.org/10.5897/jaerd12.120.

Salifou, M., J. Tignegre, P. Tongoona, S. Offei, K. Ofori and E. Danquah, 2017. Farmers’ preferred traits and perceptions of cowpea production constraints in Niger. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology, 7(6): 1-11.

Singh, B.B., O.L. Chambliss and B. Sharma, 1997. Recent advances in cowpea breeding. In Singh, B. B.; Mohan, D. R.; Dashiell, K. E.; Jackai, L. E. N. (Eds.), Advances in Cowpea Research. Ibadan, Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences.

Sobda, G., A. Mewounko, P.D. Sakati and K. Ndaodeme, 2018. Farmers' cowpea production constraints and varietal preferences in the sudano-sahelian zone of Cameroon. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 24(3): 968-977.

Sudhir, K.R. and D.S. Rana, 2016. Crop diversification with vegetable cowpea for improving productivity, resource-use efficiency, soil and human health. Indian Farming, 66(1): 05–09.

Adetiloye, P.O. and A.W. Salau, 2002. Response of Soybean Cultivars to inoculation with Rhizobium in South - Western Nigeria. Tropical Oil Seed Journal 7: 1-10.

Asiwe, J.A.N. and R.F. Kutu, 2007. Effect of plant spacing on yield, weeds, insect infestation and leaf blight of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verde.) - African Crop Science Conference Proceedings Egypt. 8: 1947 – 1950.

Ibraheem, A., 2010. The effect of temperature and drought stress on Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verde) Landraces. A PhD Thesis Submitted to the University of Nothingham. pp: 177 -1920.

Ibrahim, K., A. Amans and I.U. Abubakar, 2000. Growth indices and yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Karst). Varieties as Influenced by Crop spacing at Samaru Proceedings of the 1$ Hortson Conference, 1: 40-47.

Ibrahim, M., 2011. Influence of plant spacing on the growth yield and rosette infections of three groundnut varieties. A Thesis the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Education, Faculty of Agric Education Winneba, pp: 53 - 75.

Majanbu, I., V. Ogunlela and M. Ahmed, 1986. Response of two okra (abelmoschus esculentus l. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Growth and nutrient concentration as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Fertilizer Research, 8(3): 297-306.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01048632.

Mkandawire, C.H., 2007. Review of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) production in Sub-Sahara Africa. Agricultural Journal, 2(4): 464-470.

Nguy-Ntamag, F.C., 1995. Bambara groundnut. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Conservation and Improvement of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verde.) 14-16 Nov; Harere, Zimbabwe, pp: 28 - 29.

Omoikhoje, S.O., 2008. Assessment of the nutritional value of bambara groundnut as influenced by cooking time. Livestock research for rural development. 20(4): 1-4.

Sajjan, A.S., M. Shekhargrounds and Dandanur, 2002. Influence of data of sowing spacing and level of Nitrogen on yield attributes and Seed Yield of Okro. Ikamataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(2): 267-274.

Statistical Analysis System, S., 2010. SAS/STAT users guide (1999). SAS Institute Inc. Cam. NC.

Stephen, M., 2009. Growth and yield performance of four groundnut varieties in responses to seed size. A Thesis of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kumasi Ghana. pp: 41- 51.

Tobih, F.O., 2011. Occurrence and seasonal variation of heteroligus meles billb (Coleoptera: Dynastidae) in Upper Niger Delta, Nigeria. Agricultural Journal, 6(3): 106-109.

Abebe, G. and A. Alemu, 2017. Role of improved seeds towards improving livelihood and food security at Ethiopia. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 5(2): 338–356.

Badstue, L.B., M.R. Bellon, J. Berthaud, X. Juárez, I.M. Rosas, A.M. Solano and A. Ramírez, 2006. Examining the role of collective action in an informal seed system: A case study from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Human Ecology, 34(2): 249-273.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9016-2.

Baoua, I., L. Amadou, V. Margam and L. Murdock, 2012. Comparative evaluation of six storage methods for postharvest preservation of cowpea grain. Journal of Stored Products Research, 49: 171-175.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2012.01.003.

Bishaw, Z. and A. Atilaw, 2016. Enhancing agricultural sector development in Ethiopia: The role of research and seed sector. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27: 101-130.

Chowdhury, Z., M. Monjil, M. Chowdhury and M. Hossain, 2005. Seed borne fungi in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) and musk-melon (Cucumis melo L.) of Mymensingh. Bangladesh. Journal of Seed Science & Technology, 9: 105-109.

Daniels, M., B. Marks, T. Siebenmorgen, R. McNew and J. Meullenet, 1998. Effects of long-grain rough rice storage history on end-use quality. Journal of Food Science, 63(5): 832-840.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb17910.x.

Demissie, G., T. Tefera and A. Tadesse, 2008. Efficacy of silicosec, filter cake and wood ash against the maize weevil, sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on three maize genotypes. Journal of Stored Products Research, 44(3): 227-231.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.01.001.

Devi, M.Y., K. Meenakumari, V.A. Tonapi, S. Varanavasiappan, R. Ankaiah, S. Navi and R. Thakur, 2005. Effect of mold severity on seed traits governing potential performance of sorghum. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 33(2): 253-260.

Dorward, P., P. Craufurd, K. Marfo, W. Dogbe and R. Bam, 2007. Improving participatory varietal selection processes: Participatory varietal selection and the role of informal seed diffusion mechanisms for upland rice in Ghana. Euphytica, 155(3): 315-327.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9333-y.

Ellis, R. and T. Hong, 2007. Seed longevity–moisture content relationships in hermetic and open storage. Seed Science and Technology, 35(2): 423-431.Available at: https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2007.35.2.17.

Ellis, R., K. Osei-Bonsu and E. Roberts, 1982. The influence of genotype, temperature and moisture on seed longevity in chickpea, cowpea and soya bean. Annals of Botany, 50(1): 69-82.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086347.

Fontem, D.A., A.T. Songwalang, J.E. Berinyuy and R.R. Schippers, 2013. Impact of fungicide application for late blight management of huckleberry yields in Cameroon. Africa Crop Science Journal, 11(3): 163–170.

Fujikura, Y. and C.M. Karssen, 1995. Molecular studies on osmoprimed seeds of cauliflower: A partial amino acid sequence of a vigour-related protein and osmopriming-enhanced expression of putative aspartic protease. Seed Science Research, 5(3): 177-181.

Gitonga, Z.M., H. De Groote, M. Kassie and T. Tefera, 2013. Impact of metal silos on households’ maize storage, storage losses and food security: An application of a propensity score matching. Food Policy, 43: 44-55.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.08.005.

Grubben, G., W. Klaver, R. Nono-Womdim, A. Everaarts, L. Fondio, J.A. Nugteren and M. Corrado, 2014. Vegetables to combat the hidden hunger in Africa. Chronica Horticulture, 54(1): 24–32.

Guenha, R., S.B. Das Virtudes, J. Rickman, L.F. Goulao, I.M. Muocha and M.O. Carvalho, 2014. Hermetic storage with plastic sealing to reduce insect infestation and secure paddy seed quality: A powerful strategy for rice farmers in Mozambique. Journal of Stored Products Research, 59: 275-281.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.06.007.

Hamim, D.C., M.A. Mohanto, R. Sarker and M.A. Ali, 2014. Effect of seed borne pathogens on germination of some vegetable seeds. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management, 1(1): 34–51.

Jackson, L.E., U. Pascual and T. Hodgkin, 2007. Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 121(3): 196-210.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.017.

Jamadar, M., S. Ashok and J. Shamarao, 2001. Studies on seed mycoflora and nematodes and their effect on germination and vigour index of colour graded okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. Crop Research (Hisar), 22(3): 479-484.

Joao Abba, E. and A. Lovato, 1999. Effect of seed storage temperature and relative humidity on maize (Zea mays L.) seed viability and vigour. Seed Science and Technology, 27(1): 101-114.

Kalsa, K., B. Subramanyam, G. Demissie, R. Mahroof, A. Worku and N. Gabbiye, 2019. Evaluation of postharvest preservation strategies for stored wheat seed in Ethiopia. Journal of Stored Products Research, 81: 53-61.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2019.01.001.

Kandil, A., A. Sharief and M. Sheteiwy, 2013. Effect of seed storage periods, conditions and materials on germination of some soybean seed cultivars. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(4): 1020-1043.Available at: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/3590.

Kiani, M., A. Farnia and M. Shaban, 2013. Changes of seed yield, seed protein and seed oil in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under application of different bio fertilizers. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 1(10): 1170-1178.

Martin, D., D. Baributsa, J. Huesing, S. Williams and L. Murdock, 2015. PICS bags protect wheat grain, Triticum aestivum (L.), against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 63: 22-30.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2015.05.001.

Mbogne, J.T., N.W. Oburi, Y. Emmanuel and N. Godswill, 2015. Influence of conditioning and storage materials on the germination potential of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) seeds. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology, 2(4): 65-75.

McDonald, M., 1999. Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science and Technology, 27(1): 177-237.

McGuire, S. and L. Sperling, 2016. Seed systems smallholder farmers use. Food Security, 8(1): 179-195.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0528-8.

Meselu, Y.K., 2019. A review on the seed sector of Ethiopia: Prospects and challenges of faba bean seed supply. South Asian Journal of Development Research, 1(1): 44–54.

Mettananda, K., S. Weerasena and Y. Liyanage, 2001. Effect of storage environment, packing material and seed moisture content on storability of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds. Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture, 3: 131-142.

Narayanan, G.S., M. Prakash, B.S. Kumar and S. Padmavathi, 2012. Seed enhancement techniques for enhanced seed storage in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(2): 394-398.

Nuijten, E. and R. Van Treuren, 2007. Spatial and temporal dynamics in genetic diversity in upland rice and late millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in the Gambia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54(5): 989-1009.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9191-4.

Odongo, G.A., N. Schlotz, S. Baldermann, S. Neugart, S. Huyskens-Keil, B. Ngwene, B. Trierweiler, M. Schreiner and E. Lamy, 2018. African nightshade (Solanum scabrum Mill.): Impact of cultivation and plant processing on its health promoting potential as determined in a human liver cell model. Nutrients, 10(10): 1532.Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101532.

Oladiran, J. and S. Agunbiade, 2010. Germination and seedling development from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds following storage in different packaging materials. Seed Science and Technology (Switzerland), 28(2): 413-419.

Pearce, M., B. Marks and J. Meullenet, 2001. Effects of postharvest parameters on functional changes during rough rice storage. Cereal Chemistry, 78(3): 354-357.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1094/cchem.2001.78.3.354.

Pousseu, L., E. Pegalepo, C. Kouamé, J. Bell and R. Kamga, 2014. Diagnosis of seeds supply of leafy vegetables in Yaoundé, Cameroon. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 14(4): 9154-9166.

Scoones, I. and J. Thompson, 2011. The politics of seed in Africa's green revolution: Alternative narratives and competing pathways. IDS Bulletin, 42(4): 1-23.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00232.x.

Segnou, J., A. Amougou and E. Youmbi, 2012. Viability and vegetative development of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedling following storage in different packaging materials. Tropicultura, 30(1): 16–22.

Shaban, M., 2013. Biochemical aspects of protein changes in seed physiology and germination. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 8(1): 885-898.

Shelar, V., R. Shaikh and A. Nikam, 2008. Soybean seed quality during storage: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 29(2): 125-131.

Sperling, L. and S. McGuire, 2010. Understanding and strengthening informal seed markets. Experimental Agriculture, 46(2): 119-136.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479709991074.

Statsoft, 2016. STATISTICA version 13.2 for Windows, Tusla, Okla, USA.

Tatić, M., S. Balešević-Tubić, V. Ðorđević, V. Miklič, M. Vujaković and V. Ðukić, 2012. Vigor of sunflower and soybean aging seed. Helia, 35(56): 119-126.

Thrupp, L.A., 2000. Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: The valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture. International Affairs, 76(2): 265-281.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00133.

Tscharntke, T., Y. Clough, T.C. Wanger, L.E. Jackson, I. Motzke, I. Perfecto, J. Vandermeer and A. Whitbread, 2012. Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. Biological Conservation, 151(1): 53-59.

Tsopmbeng, N. and D. Fomengia, 2015. Fungi associated with seeds of huckleberry (Solanum scabrum Mill.) grown in the western highlands of Cameroon. Journal of Agricultural and Technology, 11(3): 791-801.

Vertucci, C.W., 1989. The effects of low water contents on physiological activities of seeds. Physiologia Plantarum, 77(1): 172-176.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05994.x.

Zewdie, B. and A. Van Gastel, 2008. ICARDA's seed-delivery approach in less favorable areas through village-based seed enterprises: Conceptual and organizational issues. Journal of New Seeds, 9(1): 68-88.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15228860701879331.

Abebe, C., W. Gebremedhin, S. Atsede, T. Lema, N. Kassaye, L. Berga and S. Schulz, 2013. . Enhancing Potato seed production using rapid multiplication techniques. In Gebremedhin Woldegiorgis, Schulz S., and Baye Berihun (Eds.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on seed Potato Tuber Production and Dissemination Experiences, Challenges and Prospects, 12-14 March 2012. EIAR and ARARI. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. pp: 91-100.

Agrios, G.N., 2005. Plant pathology. 5th Edn., London, New York: Elsevier Academic Press. pp: 922.

Ashenafi, M., T. Selvaraj, L. Alemu and K. Bekele, 2017. Evaluation of Potato cultivars and fungicides for the management of late blight (phytophthora infestans (mont) de bary) in Holleta, West Showa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Life Sciences, 5(2): 161–179.

Ayda, T., 2015. Effect of fungicides and resistant genotypes on severity of potato late blight [phytophthora infestans (mont.) de bary] and yield and yield components in Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, No. 101.

Baye, B. and W. Gebremedhin, 2013. Potato research and development in Ethiopia: A chievements and trends. In Gebremedhin Woldegiorgis, Schulz S., and Baye Berihun (Eds.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Seed Potato tuber Production and Dissemination Experiences, Challenges and Prospects, 12-14 March 2012. EIAR and ARARI, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. pp: 35–44.

Bekele, K. and B. Eshetu, 2008. Potato disease management. In woldegiorgis, edale gebre and berga lemaga (Eds.), In root and tuber crops: The untapped resources, overview of trends in root and tuber crops research in Ethiopia. Adiss Ababa, Ethiopia: EIAR. pp: 79 - 96.

Bekele, K. and H. Yaynu, 1996. In: Tuber yield loss assessment of Potato cultivars with different levels of resistance to late blight. In Eshetu Bekele, Abdurahman Abdullah and Aynekulu Yemane (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference of Crop Protection Society of Ethiopia (CPSE). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia No.149-152.

Binyam, T., H. Temam and T. Tekalign, 2014a. Efficacy of reduced dose of fungicide sprays in the management of late blight (phytophthora infestans) disease on selected Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) varieties Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4(20): 46-52.

Binyam, T., H. Temam and T. Tekalign, 2014b. Tuber yield loss assessment of Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) varieties due to late blight (phytophthora infestans) and its management haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4(23): 45-54.

Bitew, Y. and M. Abera, 2018. Conservation agriculture based annual intercropping system for sustainable crop production: A review. Indian Journal of Ecology, 45(4): 235-249.

Campbell, C.L. and L.V. Madden, 1990. Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. New York, Esa, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Devaux, A., P. Kromann and O. Ortiz, 2014. Potatoes for sustainable global food security. Potato Research, 57(3-4): 185–199.

Egata, S., C. Abebe, W. Gebremedhin, S. Ebrahim and T. Lema, 2016. Response of Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) varieties to nitrogen and potassium fertilizer rates in central highlands of Ethiopia. Advances in Crop Science and Technology, 4(6): 1 – 6.

Ephrem, G., 2015. Disease management practice on Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) in Ethiopia. World Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(1): 34–42.

Ermias, M., 2016. Host resistance and reduced fungicide application for management of Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Southwest Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 6(2): 13–17.

FAOSTAT, 2015. Data base of agricultural production [online]. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.

FAOSTAT, 2017. Top ten Potato producing countries in the Worldwide during 2016 production. Available from http://www.fao.org/; and https://www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/maps/world-top-ten-potato-producing-countries.jpg.

Forbes, G.A., 2012. Using host resistance to manage Potato late blight with particular reference to developing countries. Potato Research, 55(3-4): 205–216.

Fry, W., 2008. Phytophthora infestans: The plant (and r gene) destroyer. Molecular Plant Pathology, 9(3): 385–402.

Fuglie, K.O., 2007. Priorities for Potato research in developing countries: Results of a survey. American Journal of Potato Research, 84(5): 353 – 365.

Garrett, K., R. Nelson, C. Mundt, G. Chacon, R. Jaramillo and G. Forbes, 2001. The effects of host diversity and other management components on epidemics of potato late blight in the humid highland tropics. Phytopathology, 91(10): 993-1000.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.10.993.

Gebremedhin, W., 2013. Potato variety development strategies and methodologies in Ethiopia. In Gebremedhin Woldegiorgis, Schulz, S. and Baye Berihun (Ed.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Seed Potato Tuber Production and Dissemination Experiences, Challenges and Prospects, 12-14 March 2012. EIAR and ARARI, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. pp: 45–59.

Getachew, A., M. Wassu and A. Tesfaye, 2016. Evaluation of Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes for resistance to late blight at Sinana South Eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Teach, 6(1): 21–25.

Gildemacher, P.R., W. Kaguongo, O. Ortiz, T. Agajie, W. Gebremedhin, W.W. Wagoire, R. Kakuhenzire, P.M. Kinyae, M. Nyongesa, P.C. Struik and C. Leeuwis, 2009. Improving Potato production in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia: A system diagnosis. Potato Research, 52(2): 173–205.

Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, 1984. Statistical procedure for agricultural research. 2nd Edn., New York, USA: A Wiley Interscience Publications.

Goss, E.M., J.F. Tabima, D.E. Cooke, S. Restrepo, W.E. Fry, G.A. Forbes, V.J. Fieland, M. Cardenas and N.J. Grunwald, 2014. The Irish Potato famine pathogen phytophthora infestans originated in central mexico rather than the andes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(24): 8791–8796.

Habtamu, K., C. Alemayehu, K. Bekele and K.P. Tiwari, 2012. Evaluation of different Potato varieties and fungicide combinations for management of Potato late blight (phytophthora infestans) in Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Life, 1(1): 8–15.

Hailu, G., M. Ali, D. Nigussie and B. Derbew, 2017. Assessment of production practices of smallholder Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) farmers in the Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. Agric & Food Secur, 6(1): 1 - 11.

Haverkort, A., P. Struik, R. Visser and E. Jacobsen, 2009. Applied biotechnology to combat late blight in Potato caused by phytophthora infestans. Potato Research, 52(3): 249-264.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-009-9136-3.

Henfling, J.W., 1987.  2nd Edn., Late blight of Potato: Phytophthora infestans. Technical information bulletin. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center (CIP). pp: 25.

Hirut, B., H. Shimelis, R. Melis, M. Fentahun and W. De Jong, 2017. Yield, yield-related traits and response of Potato clones to late blight disease, in North-Western Highlands of Ethiopia. Journal of Phytopathology, 165(1): 1-14.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12514.

Kankwatsa, P., E. Adipala, J. Hakiza, M. Olanya and H. Kidanemariam, 2002. Effect of integrating planting time, fungicide application and host resistance on Potato late blight development in South-Western Uganda. Journal of Phytopathology, 150(4-5): 248-257.

Manuela, H. and R. Hermeziu, 2014. Efficacy of copper fungicides to control Potato late blight in organic crop. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology, 18(2): 10-14.

Merkuz, A., 2017. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia. In K. Stave, Goraw Goshu and Shimelis Aynalem (Eds.), Social and Ecological System Dynamics, Characteristics, Trends, and Integration in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia. Switzerland: AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series Springer International Publishing.

Mesfin, T. and W. Gebremedhin, 2007. In: Impact of farmers’ selected IDM options on Potato late blight control and yield. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 8: 2091-2094.

MoARD, 2010. Ministry of agriculture and rural development: Animal and plant health regulatory directorate, crop variety register Issue No. 12. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp: 15.

Namanda, S., E. Adipala, O. Olanya, J. Hakiza, R. El-Bedewy and A. Bhagsari, 2001. Integration of host resistance and minimum fungicide application for management of Potato late blight in Uganda. In Fifth Biennial Conference of the African Crop Science Society. Lagos, Nigeria No. 33-39.

Olanya, O., E. Adipala, J. Hakiza, J. Kedera, P. Ojiambo, J. Mukalazi, G. Forbes and R. Nelson, 2001. Epidemiology and population dynamics of phytophthora infestans in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress and constraints. African Crop Science Journal, 9(1): 185-193.Available at: https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v9i1.27638.

Pérez, W. and G. Forbes, 2010. Potato late blight: Technical manual. Lima, Peru: CIP Communication and Public Awareness Department (CPAD). pp: 38.

SAS, 2002. Statistical analysis system (SAS). Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc.

Schulte-Gelderman, E., G. Wachira, B. Ochieng and I. Barker, 2013. Effect of field multiplication generation on seed Potato. In Gebremedhin Woldegiorgis, Schulz S. and Baye Berihun (Ed.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Seed Potato Tuber Production and Dissemination: Experiences, Challenges and Prospects, 12–14 March 2012. EIAR and ARARI, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, No. 81-90.

Shaner, G. and R. Finney, 1977. Inheritance of slow mildewing resistance in Wheat. Proceeding of American Phytopathology, 2,49.

Solano, J., I. Acuna, F. Esnault and P. Brabant, 2014. Resistance to phytophthora infestans in solanum tuberosum landraces in Southern Chile. Tropical Plant Pathology, 39(4): 307–315.

Sparks, A., G. Forbes, R. Hijmans and K. Garrett, 2014. Climate change effects on the global risk of Potato late blight. Global Change Biology, 20(12): 3621–3631.

SPSS, 2007. SPSS (statistical packages for social sciences) for windows. Version 16.0, IBM Corp. In Armonk, Chicago, USA.

Tesfaye, A., D. Yigzaw and A. Ermias, 2008. In: Crop management research and achievement on Potato in Amhara region with especial reference to Western Amhara parts. In Tesfaye Abebe (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Amhara Region Regional Workshop on Potato Research and Development: Achievements and Transfer Experiences and Future Directions. Participatory Potato Technology Development and Transfer: Towards Food Security and Improved Livelihood in the New Millienium, December 20-21, 2007. ARARI, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. pp: 133-156.

Van der Plank, J.E., 1963. Plant diseases: Epidemics and control. New York, London: Academic Press.

Waga, M., T. Yenenesh, R. Schulte and P. Struik, 2016. The analysis of Potato farming systems in Chencha, Ethiopia: Input, output and constraints. American Journal of Potato, 93(5): 436–447.

Wallelign, Z., 2015. Importance and management of loose smut [Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostrup] of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through seed dressing and coating materials on barley in western Amhara, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia No.102.

Wassu, M., 2014. Genetic variability in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes for late blight [Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary] resistance and yield at Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 8(1): 13-28.

Wheeler, B.J., 1969. An introduction to plant diseases. London, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. pp: 374.

AARC (Adet Agricultural Research Center), 2000. Crop research directorate progress report of 2000. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

Abebe, T., M. Mehari and M. Legesse, 2015. Field response of wheat genotypes to Septoria tritici blotch in Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 5(1): 146-152.

Abera, M., 2017. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-basin of Ethiopia. In Social and Ecological System Dynamics. Cham: Springer. pp: 375-397.

AHDB, 2016. Agricultural and horticultural development board. Cereals and Oilseeds Division. Availabale from: Cereals.ahdb.org.uk/Publications.

Alemar, S., 2013. Temporal development of deptoria blotch (septoria tritici) and its effect on grain yield and yield components of bread wheat in haddiya-kambata area southern ethiopia. M.Sc. Thesis. Haremaya University. Ethiopia.

Allioui, N., A. Siah, L. Brinis, P. Reignault and P. Halama, 2016. Identification of QoI fungicide-resistant genotypes of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in Algeria. Phytopathol Mediterr, 55(1): 89-97.

Andrew, M., W. Hugh, H. Grant and T. Geoff, 2014. Managing septoria tritici blotch disease in wheat. Septoria Tritici Blotch Fact Sheet, Grains Research and Development Corporation. Available from https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/159341/final-septoria-tritici-blotch-fact-sheet-hr-pdf.pdf.pdf.

Arraiano, L.S. and J.M. Brown, 2006. Identification of isolate-specific and partial resistance to septoria tritici blotch in 238 european wheat cultivars and breeding lines. Plant Pathology, 55(6): 726–738.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01444.x.

ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency), 2015. Transforming agriculture in Ethiopia. Annual Report for 2013/2014. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp: 94.

Ayele, B., A. Bekele and A. Vincent, 2015. Wheat research and development in the eastern and central Africa: past, present and future outlook. In: F. Wandera, V. Akulumuka, J. Maina, J. Otiang, J. F. Mubiru, D. Mbugua, and R. Muinga (Eds.), Regional specialization for enhanced agricultural productivity and transformation. Proceedings of the Eastern Africa Agricultural Productivity Program End-of-Phase One Project Conference and Exhibition. [ASARECA] Association for strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central. pp: 60-70.

Ayele, B., B. Eshetu, B. Berhanu, H. Bekele, D. Melaku, T. Asnaketch, A. Amare, M. Kiros and A. Fekadu, 2008. Review of two decades of research on diseases of small cereal crops in Ethiopia. In: Abraham Tadesse (Eds.), 2008. Increasing crop production through improved plant protection. Proceedings of the 14th Annual conference of the Plant protection society of Ethiopia (PPSE). 19-22 December 2006. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp: 375-429.

Berger, R., 1981. Comparison of the gompertz and logistic equations to describe plant disease progress. Phytopathology, 71(7): 716-719.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-71-716.

Boukef, S., B.A. McDonald, A. Yahyaoui, S. Rezgui and P.C. Brunner, 2012. Frequency of mutations associated with fungicide resistance and population structure of mycosphaerella graminicola in Tunisia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 132(1): 111-122.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-011-9853-8.

Brown, J., 1984. The effect of systemic fungicides, applied as seed treatments or early foliar sprays, on speckled leaf blotch of wheat, mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroeter. Crop Protection, 3(1): 59-65.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(84)90007-3.

Buchenauer, H., 1987. Mechanism of action of Triazolyl fungicides and related compounds. In:Lyr, H. (Eds.), Modern selective fungicides: properties, application, mechanism of action. Harlow, United Kingdom: Longman Scientific and Technical. pp: 205–231.

Campbell, C.L. and L.V. Madden, 1990. Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp: 532.

Cook, R., M. Hims and T. Vaughan, 1999. Effects of fungicide spray timing on winter wheat disease control. Plant Pathology, 48(1): 33-50.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00319.x.

Dean, R., V.J.A. Kan, Z.A. Pretorius, K.E. Hammond-Kosack, A. Di Pietro, P.D. Spanu, J.J. Rudd, M. Dickman, R. Kahmann and J. Ellis, 2012. The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 13(4): 414-430.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x.

Eyal, Z., A.L. Scharen, J.M. Prescott and M.v. Ginkel, 1987. The septoria diseases of wheat: Concepts and methods of disease management. Mexico, D.F: CIMMYT, 63:1087-1091.

Gashaw, T., B. Alande, M. Nicholas and B. Tanguy, 2018. The impact of the use of new technologies on farmers wheat yield in Ethiopia: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Agricultural Economics, 49(2018): 409–421.Available at: https://DOI:10.1111/agec.12425.

Ghaffary, S.M.T., O. Robert, V. Laurent, P. Lonnet, E. Margalé, T.A. van der Lee, R.G. Visser and G.H. Kema, 2011. Genetic analysis of resistance to Septoria tritici blotch in the French winter wheat cultivars Balance and Apache. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 123(5): 741-754.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1623-7.

Gibson, L. and G. Benson, 2002. Origin, history, and uses of Oat (Avena sativa) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum). Iowa State University, Department of Agronomy.  [Accessed 4/14/2006].

Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. 2nd Edn., NewYork: John Wiley and Sons. pp: 680.

Grant, H., 2014. Septoria tritici blotch of wheat. Available from www.depi.vic.gov.au .

Hailu, G.-M., 1991. Bread wheat breeding and genetic research in Ethiopia. In Hailu Gebre-Mariam, Tanner D.G. and Mengistu Huluka (Eds.), Wheat research in Ethiopia: A historical perspectives. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultura l Research /CIMMYT. pp: 73-93.

Hershman, D.E., 2012. Septoria diseases of wheat. Mexico, D.F: CIMMYT. Mexico. pp: 46.

Hess, D.E. and G. Shaner, 1985. Effect of moist period duration on Septoria tritici blotch of wheat (No. 89-106631. CIMMYT.).

Hulluka, M., G. Woldeab, Y. Adnew, R. Desta and A. Badebo, 1991. Wheat pathology research in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp: 173-217.

KARC, 2005. Kulumsa agricultural research center. Progress Report for/2005. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Kebede, T., 2006. Temporal development of stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and its effect on grain yield and protein content of bread wheat in Bale, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis.

Lehoczki-Krsjak, S., Á. Szabó-Hevér, B. Tóth, C. Kótai, T. Bartók, M. Varga, L. Farády and Á. Mesterházy, 2010. Prevention of fusarium mycotoxin contamination by breeding and fungicide application to wheat. Food Additives and Contaminants, 27(5): 616-628.

Loughman, R. and G.J. Thomas, 1991. Fungicide and cultivar control of septoria disease of wheat. Australia: Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth. 6151.

Lovell, D., T. Hunter, S. Powers, S. Parker and F. Van den Bosch, 2004. Effect of temperature on latent period of septoria leaf blotch on winter wheat under outdoor conditions. Plant Pathology, 53(2): 170-181.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00983.x.

Magboul, A.M., S. Geng, D.G. Gilchrist and L.F. Jackson, 1992. Environmental influence on the infection of wheat by M. Graminicola. Phytopathology, 82(12): 1407–1413.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-82-1407.

Paveley, N.D., K.D. Lockley, R. Sylvester-Bradley and J. Thomas, 1997. Determinants of fungicide spray decisions for wheat. Pesticide Science, 49(4): 379-388.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199704)49:4<379::aid-ps513>3.0.co;2-g.

Plank, V.D.J.E., 1963. Epidemiology of plant disease. New York and London: Academic Publishers. pp: 206.

Saari, E.E. and L.M.A. Prescott, 1975. Scale for appraising the foliar intensity of wheat diseases. Plant Disease Reporter, 59(5): 377-380.

Shaw, M., 1990. Effects of temperature, leaf wetness and cultivar on the latent period of mycosphaerella graminicola on winter wheat. Plant Pathology, 39(2): 255-268.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1990.tb02501.x.

Temesgen, K., H. Temam and T.S. Payne, 2000. Field response of bread wheat genotypes to septoria tritici blotch. Proceedings of the Eleventh Regional Workshop for Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp: 169-182.

Wallelign, Z., B. Muluken, W. Landuber and B. Dereje, 2014. Assessment of wheat disease in Western Amhara. In Tilahun Tadesse and Yeshitla Merene (Eds.). 2014. Proceeding of the 6th and 7th Annual Regional Conference on Completed Crops Research activities, Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

Wilcoxson, R.D., B. Skovmand and A. Atif, 1975. Evaluation of wheat cultivars for ability to retard development of stem rust. Annals of Applied Biology, 80(3): 275-281.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1975.tb01633.x.