Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Research Integrity
3. Editorial Process
4. Peer Review
5. Authorship and Contributorship
6. Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Human Participants in Research
7. Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research
8. Plagiarism
9. Duplicate and Redundant Publication
10. Conflicts of Interest
11. Funding Declaration
12. Libel, Defamation and Freedom of Expression
13. Retractions, Corrections and Expressions of Concern
14. Image Manipulation, Falsification and Fabrication
15. Fraudulent Research and Research Misconduct
16. Versions and Adaptations
17. Transparency
18. Data and Supporting Evidence
19. Integrity of Record
20. Fair Access
21. Copyright and Licensing
22. Marketing Communication
23. Advertising
24. PR / Media
25. Metrics, Usage and Reporting
Publication ethics are core practices comprising policies and regulations for a journal to achieve highest ranks of integrity. Our publication ethics include the following aspects that guide us in our day-to-day activities and support us in the fulfillment of our goals.
1. Introduction
The International Journal of Biotechnology (IJB) (E-ISSN: 2306-6148) exerts a special attention to ethical integrity of its academic content and publishing process. For this purpose, IJB follows the editorial guidelines, publication ethics and malpractices statement as stated in Code of Conduct and Best-Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors (Committee on Publication Ethics, COPE, 2011 and 2018).
Reference
Committee on Publication Ethics (2011). Code of Conduct and Best-Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors. (Download).
Committee on Publication Ethics (2018). Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors. (Download).
In addition, we also follow standards and best practice guidelines set by other relevant industry associations such as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME) and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). Any external guidelines we follow are referred to in the relevant sections below. Our editors, peer reviewers and authors refer to these section guidelines frequently to maintain the integrity of academic content and publishing process. We hope that these guidelines will be useful to authors, peer reviewers, and editors.
2. Research Integrity
Research Integrity means the use of honest and verifiable methods in conducting research and ensuring scientific and professional integrity of researchers. It also involves adherence to rules, regulations, guidelines, and following commonly accepted professional codes or norms which include
- Honesty and accountability in conducting research.
- Demonstrate Rigor, meticulous care and excellence in submissions.
- Transparency, fairness and open communication.
- Care and respect for all participants and subjects of research.
The above principles namely honesty, fairness and accountability – are enshrined in our Ethics guidelines. Anyone who discovers that research published by IJB violates the above principles of the COPE guidelines should immediately inform our editorial committee on email: publishingethics@conscientiabeam.com. Concerns will immediately be addressed as per COPE guidelines and matter will be referred to our Publishing Ethics Committee with due diligence.
3. Editorial Process
There are four major stages of the editorial process before going for production: (i) rewriting or revising the manuscript based on the review (ii) Substantive or Content Editing (iii) Copy editing and (iv) Proofreading. All editorial decisions on articles submitted to our journals are made by external academic editors and based on independent peer review reports. IJB academic editors have complete responsibility and authority to reject/accept an article. These decisions are based on the paper’s relevance to the journal’s scope and its academic quality as well as potential research innovation, and the research validity.
An important aspect of editorial process is its confidentiality. IJB editors and editorial staff guarantee the confidentiality of the submitted papers, which are not disclosed to anyone except the reviewers, editorial committees and the publisher, if necessary. No member of the editorial board or reviewers has any conflict of interest with respect to acceptance or rejection of articles submitted. We adhere to the double-blind review in the peer review process and preserve the anonymity of reviewers. In the end, if errors are detected, we encourage publication of corrections as well as retractions. In case of any discrepancy found in our publication ethics, please contact us at email: publishingethics@conscientiabeam.com.
4. Peer Review
Our peer review process involves qualified and experienced independent researchers (e.g., university faculty, academicians) in the relevant research areas. These peer reviews assess the submitted manuscripts for originality, validity and significance to the aim and scope of the journal. The peer review process also helps editors to filter out invalid or poorly written articles.
Our expectations from reviewers include:
- Decisions on submission should be objective, free from all bias and prejudice.
- Review comments, suggestions and opinion should be expressed clearly with supporting arguments.
- Promptness is essential of our review process. We expect that if the reviewer is unable to review the paper or cannot meet the time deadlines, the reviewer should inform us and opt out of the peer review process.
- Reviewers should have no conflict of interest with respect to the submissions, authors, and/or the research funding agencies.
- Reviewers are also expected to point out latest and relevant published work if not cited in the submitted manuscripts.
- Confidentiality must be maintained for all articles submitted for review. This included comments, overviews, strengths and weaknesses, decisions regarding acceptability.
These guidelines and policies related to IJB’s peer review process are clearly presented on the journal website as per COPE guidelines on Peer review process.
5. Authorship and Contributorship
Any individual playing a role in research is eligible to be a contributor. Contributorship includes authorship as well because publication ethics demands that the contribution of each individual author should be specified when research is submitted for publication. There are different norms to define who should be listed as an author, some of which are following:
- One who makes a substantial contribution to the concept or design of a research work; or has contributed to the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of the research data; and/or
- One who has drafted the manuscript, or revised it critically and suggested important intellectual content; and
- One who prepares the final version to be published; and
- One who is accountable for all aspects of a research work and ensures that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
In addition, we encourage authors to list names(s) of individual(s) who assisted in the completion of the manuscript in the Acknowledgments section, to recognize their contribution. One of the authors should be the corresponding author who should handle all correspondences related to the manuscript, before, during and after the publication Prior to the publication, the corresponding author should clearly state that s/he is given authority by all co-authors to act on their behalf in all matters pertaining to publication of the manuscript.
There exist extensive guidelines of COPE on Authorship and Contributorship, its definition, scope and even disputes related to authorship. Please see https://publicationethics.org/authorship. Our editors frequently refer to these guidelines whenever any authorship dispute escalates. This integrates us with industry established standards and achieve transparency.
In addition, we follow established and emerging industry standards to increase transparency in authorship (e.g., ORCID). We also support initiatives that enable transparency in authorship and Contributorship, such as CRediT taxonomy. If you wish to report any discrepancy in authorship and Contributorship, please contact us at email: publishingethics@conscientiabeam.com.
6. Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Human Participants in Research
IJB requires all authors to evaluate whether there is any physical or psychological hazard during the conduct of a research which involves human participants, whether patients, volunteers, or healthy individuals. Such research studies may be classified as basic (experimental), clinical, and epidemiological research, prepared as a cohort study, case-control, or cross-sectional. Investigators are required to make a full disclosure about any such risk or hazard that the human participants me be exposed to. It will be mandatory to obtain informed consent from all such human participants in order to safeguards the welfare and dignity of the participants. Failure to make full disclosure prior to obtaining informed consent might lead to a delay or rejection of the manuscript.
The demographics should also include number, sex, age range and state of health of the human participants. Though payments to healthy volunteers participating in research are allowable, provided that such payment is to reimburse expenses or compensate for time and inconvenience, and is not at a level that would constitute an inducement for people to take part in studies. Such human research should be conducted only with the approval of the institutional ethical committee.
References
https://www.ukri.org/councils/mrc/guidance-for-applicants/5-ethics-and-approvals/5-2-human-participants-in-research/
https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_515060_smxx.pdf
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/national-statement-ethical-conduct-human-research-2007-updated-2018
7. Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research
IJB expects that all authors who make use of live animals ought to have adequate expertise on animals and knowledge about the biology of the specific animal species under research. They should also ensure that other co-researchers and investigators under their supervision are given required instruction about care, maintenance and handling of the animal species. It is expected that research that involves animals should first try to look for other alternatives if same knowledge can be acquired without using laboratory animals. If not feasible, it is advised that researcher should make reasonable efforts to minimize the pain, discomfort, and suffering to animal subjects before and after the experiment. This pain may be caused due to trapping, labelling, anaesthetizing, breeding, transportation, stabling and euthanizing. Suffering will include hunger, pain thirst, malnutrition, abnormal cold or heat, fear, stress, injury, illness and restrictions on the ability to behave normally/naturally. Such an indispensable use of animals as subjects should be justified by scientific and educational value and benefit to animals, people and environment and the same must be a part of the rationale of the research. Surgical procedures must also be performed under appropriate anesthesia and to avoid infection and minimize pain. If the life of the animal subject is to be terminated, it must be done with minimal pain and in accordance with accepted procedures and legal framework.
It is also expected that all authors must comply with their country’s respective laws and international agreements regarding the use of laboratory animals. The research on animals must not endanger biological diversity of the region nor have any adverse consequences on the natural behavior of the stock and the ecosystem. The use of endangered and vulnerable species must also be reduced to an absolute minimum. Finally, researchers are responsible for disseminating the negative results of experiments on animals and bring them in public knowledge, in order to inform other researchers not to perform those experiments which are not worth pursuing, and thus help reduce the use of animals in research.
References
https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/science-and-technology/ethical-guidelines-for-the-use-of-animals-in-research/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2002542/
https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/animals
http://www.apa.org/science/leadership/care/guidelines.aspx.
Institute of Laboratory Animal Research. (1996). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Also online at www.nap.edu.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2002). Methods and welfare considerations in behavioral research with animals: Report of a National Institutes of Health Workshop. (NIH Publication No. 02-5083). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also online at www.nimh.nih.gov/research/animals.cfm.
8. Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined as unattributed use of large portions of text and/or data or any previously published work without consent, credit, or acknowledgment and fraudulently passing it as one’s own work. It may also include text(s), illustrations, musical quotations, extended mathematical derivations, computer codes, material downloaded from websites or drawn from manuscripts; published and unpublished material, including lectures, presentations etc. An author is alleged of plagiarism if there are act of minor copying of short phrases in discussions; or literal (word–for-word) copying of large parts from a published paper; or reproducing major parts of a previously published paper such as text, tables, and figures; or paraphrasing large texts without verbatim copying the text; or recycling author’s own previously published text, termed as self-plagiarism, without citation of the prior work. COPE provides clear guidelines on processes (What to do if you suspect plagiarism?) to be followed to check plagiarism when detected before and after publication.
Besides, there are instructions how to check all submissions through appropriate plagiarism checking tools. We use plagiarism-checking software, CrossCheck, powered by iThenticate, for all manuscripts submitted for publication. This assists editors in identifying plagiarism in all submissions. Submissions containing suspected plagiarism, in whole or part, are rejected. If plagiarism is discovered post-publication, we can retract the article. We expect our readers, reviewers and editors to raise any suspicions of plagiarism, either by contacting the relevant editor or by emailing publicationethics@conscientiabeam.com.
9. Duplicate and Redundant Publication
Submitting a new manuscript containing the same hypotheses, data, discussion points, and/or conclusions as a previously published manuscript is called as duplicate publication. This is similar to plagiarism, but instead of copying phrases verbatim, the same data, images, and study hypothesis are replicated in another paper. The COPE classifies duplicate publications into major and minor offences. A major offence is defined as a duplicate publication based on the same dataset with identical findings and/or evidence that authors have sought to hide redundancy, e.g., by changing title or author order or not referring to previous papers. A minor offence, also referred as “salami slicing,” is defined as a duplicate publication with some element of redundancy or legitimate repetition or reanalysis (e.g., subgroup/extended follow-up/repeated methods).
Please refer to COPE’s definition of redundant publication, available at:
https://publicationethics.org/category/keywords/redundant-publication.
We do not support substantial overlap between publications, unless our editors recommend that it will strengthen the academic discourse and contribute to research. We publish only when we have clear approval from the original publisher while citing the original source. We expect our readers, reviewers and editors to raise any suspicions of duplicate or redundant publication, either by contacting the relevant editor or by emailing publicationethics@conscientiabeam.com. Such redundant publications are retracted as per the COPE Flowcharts https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts.
10. Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of interest, also known as competing interests, may be financial, personal, social or other interests that directly or indirectly influence the conduct of the author with respect to the manuscript submitted. Direct conflict of interest occurs when authors are benefited in the form of stocks, patents, employment from the text/ content of the paper. Indirect conflicts of interest are in the form of research grants, funds or honoraria etc. received from the published content. A conflict of interest can also be widely affecting the public if the outcome of a generalized and empirical research leads to only personal advantage. Examples include a conflict between the investigator and co-investigators, between investigators and the trial subjects of research, and such factors that compromise with the integrity of the research domain at large or its trustworthiness. Conflicts may also occur regarding financial or non-financial support received from individuals, institutions, social and economic organizations, political pressure groups, and academic agencies.
IJB insists on identifying such real or potential conflict of interest at all stages of research ranging from funding applications, recruiting participants and taking their consent, public disclosures, and even post-publication if findings are used for commercialization or seeking patents and copyrights. Unless an agreement or a formal self-declaration needs to be documented with the corresponding author regarding declaring the conflict of interest pre and post publication, a brief written statement at the time of submission of research is required. The corresponding author, however, first summarizes and discloses any competing interests in the cover letter in the form of a self-declaration. The editor will thoroughly examine whether there is a need to amend the research plan by asking the corresponding author to clarify any issues if the research has or might have a conflict of interest pre and post publication.
Subsequently, the editor would also decide whether such competing interests would interfere with the objectivity of research or pose a risk to its integrity after publication. The editor then takes steps transparently to ask the corresponding author to disclose the conflicts of interest norms as a part of the research procedure within the text (if the conflict of interest is of a type and severity that involves the research participants) and unambiguously mention that the same has been revealed to the participants and their consent taken) and/or simultaneously append the conflict of statement at the end of the article (prior to References) along with other disclosures.
We also expect our readers and reviewers to report any undisclosed conflict of interest for a work published or under consideration in our journal to our editor or email publicationethics@conscientiabeam.com.
References
https://publishing.aip.org/resources/researchers/policies-and-ethics/conflict-of-interests/
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/australian-code-responsible-conduct-research-2018
https://researchsupport.admin.ox.ac.uk/governance/integrity/conflict/examples
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/file/14384/download?token=gje4DNtT
11. Funding Declaration
IJB mandates all authors to append a funding acknowledgement statement as a separate heading under Acknowledgements’ prior to References. This statement will declare all sources of funding received for the research submitted to the journal. This statement is still required even if there is no funding received. The author may write “The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.” The funding support for the research includes all kinds of support including salaries, equipment, supplies, reimbursement for attending symposia, and other expenses by funding agencies. The title of the funding agency should be written in full, followed by the grant number and year of receiving the grant. If the research was supported by more than one funding agency, all the names of agencies should be mentioned clearly with respective grant numbers. If authors feel that such funding information may compromise their anonymity and/ or might affect the peer reviews, they can withhold this information and submit the same with the final accepted manuscript. In case of multiple authors, and if each author has received individual grants, the same must be declared individually in case of Inaccurate information about funding discovered after publication, the journal has a right to make a correction.
12. Libel, Defamation and Freedom of Expression
Libel and slander are two infamous matters that affect a person’s reputation and termed as defamation. Libel is written defamation, while slander is oral defamation. Some written transcripts or manuscripts submitted for publications also fall under the rubric of libel. When any editorial committee seeks to protect reputation or prevent any defamation to occur, it invariably is seen as infringement on freedom of expression.
Our journal considers freedom of expression as a right of the author but we do not support publication of false statements that can harm the reputation of individuals, groups, or organizations. Our legal team pays special attention on any kind of pre-publication libel reviews, or allegations of libel. We honor authors’ freedom of expression and allow them to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from any censorship, provided they do onto amount to libels or defamation.
13. Retractions, Corrections and Expressions of Concern
IJB addresses the retractions, corrections or expressions of concern in line with COPE’s Guidelines available here https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines.
An article can be retracted if
- There is a clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of miscalculation or experimental error, or as a result of fabrication or falsification
- It constitutes plagiarism
- Its contents are published without proper acknowledgement or disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification
- Copyright has been infringed
Regarding corrections, if an error is committed inadvertently by the author, IJB issues a corrigendum or if the error is due to a member of Editorial committee, we issue an erratum. Our production unit can minor changes of typesetting or proofreading, but any substantive corrections are carried out in line with COPE’s Retraction Guidelines.
IJB publishes Expressions of Concern if we identify well-founded concerns or suspicions and feel that readers should be made aware of such potentially misleading information. We follow the COPE guidelines to schedule expression of such concerns as stated in COPE’s Retraction Guidelines. All such concerns include citation of the original article and explains the editor’s concerns about its contents. Care is taken not to disturb its indexing and abstracting links and that they are accessible. In the end, if errors are detected, we encourage publication of corrections as well as retractions. In case of any enquiries, concerns or issues related to retractions, please contact us at email: publishingethics@conscientiabeam.com.
Reference
COPE (2019) COPE Retraction guidelines — English. https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4 Version 2: November 2019.
https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines.
14. Image Manipulation, Falsification and Fabrication
Image manipulation occurs when images or their embedded data are modified in such a fashion that images might misrepresent the results obtained from them. Unless there are legitimate reasons for modifying images, we do not expect authors to modify images as it might lead to falsification, fabrication, or misrepresentation of data findings.
Data falsification is the manipulation of research data, method or material, processes, findings and results with the intention of giving a false impression. Data fabrication is the intentional misrepresentation of research data by making-up findings, misreporting results.
IJB allows image manipulation where appropriate, but with the purpose to rectify images but not to the extent of falsification and fabrication. The authors are expected to declare where manipulations are made; and to supply original images on request. All policies and procedures to address issues related to image manipulation, data falsification and fabrication are dealt with COPE guidelines available here https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines.
15. Fraudulent Research and Research Misconduct
Fraudulent research is a violation of the standard code of conduct and publication ethics in scientific research. It is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual, by intentionally falsifying and/or fabricating research data, and misleading reporting of the results.
Research misconduct includes plagiarism, misreporting research results, etc. besides fabrication and falsification of research data and findings. A negligent deviation from accepted practices and failure to follow established protocols also amounts to Research misconduct. It also includes intentional and unauthorized disclosure of research findings, materials, writings or devices used in research.
IJB emphasizes on the integrity of content. We refer to COPE guidelines and regulations on Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors and Guidelines on Good Publication Practice to investigate any potential fraudulence or research misconduct. In the event of any inadvertent slip, we immediately retract the published content.
16. Versions and Adaptations
One of the evidences of complying with COPE guidelines and publishing ethics is that IJB does not issue any different versions of our published content in different geographical, cultural, linguistics and environmental locations. Our authors are distributed across many geographical regions, languages and cultures, but we do not modify the published content to meet linguistic or ideological requirements of any region. Nor do we compromise with the quality, effectiveness or factual accuracy of the research content nor let it conflict with our Code of Ethics as specified in COPE Guidelines on Good Publication Practice.
17. Transparency
Transparency in research resides in truth and honesty in research publications. We expect authors to be transparent in their research data. Data transparency means the accessibility of data no matter where it is located or what application created it. Secondly, data transparency also requires the assurance that data is accurate and coming from authentic sources. Transparency in research also enables readers to utilize the data confidently to support their empirical research.
IJB adheres to COPE’s Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly.
18. Data and Supporting Evidence
In order to ensure trust, honesty and transparency of data, IJB expects authors to maintain accurate records of supporting evidence such as filled-in questionnaires, interview transcripts, codes, and other research material. At times, such data may be required to verify, and replicate new findings, and to support evidences on reasonable request. If allowed by the appropriate authorities and the funding agency, we encourage authors to submit research data in a suitable repository or a location, for sharing and further use by others; and/ or provide a data availability statement or a source where data can be found.
19. Integrity of Record
IJB maintains a track record of all our publications along with the metadata consisting of volume, issues and page numbers of each publication. It is our primary objective to first ensure that the metadata is accessible to all within a jurisdiction without violating the law of the land nor modifying the research content to suit the geographical, linguistic or cultural diversity. In the event of retraction or corrections, when we need to alter our publications, we preserve the indexing and accessing information as far possible. Thus, we keep the integrity of our meta records.
20. Fair Access
IJB believes in free and fair, low-cost access of all our digital content to researchers across all geographical regions globally. For this purpose, we organize events like seminars, webinars, conferences and participate in global access initiatives to ensure a wider accessibility of our open access published content. IJB also waives off APC for the authors belonging to low and middle-income countries who are unable to pay the APC.
21. Copyright and Licensing
In academic research, copyright is a type of intellectual property that protects an author’s original creative work. After online publication of article, the copyright is held by the Conscientia Beam, but the published articles are freely available for download. Conscientia Beam allows readers to read your research without barriers as well as the authors to build upon their work non-commercially. This indicates that the author can share the article/abstract on personal website at any point after publication of article (this includes posting to Facebook, Google groups, and LinkedIn, plus linking from Twitter). The author can submit article in research institutional repository by mentioning the original source of publication. However, If the author wishes to reprint the published article as a chapter in his own book or others, the permission of the copyright holder (Conscientia Beam) will have to be sought.
22. Marketing Communication
IJB utilize the social media platforms and other electronic media to disseminate our content and engage readers with our publications. We try to reach new readers through quick communication methods like emails, twitter and Facebook. Our Editorial board and reviewers are familiar with social media policies and practices and plan their advertising and marketing activities by adhering to norms and standards of the concerned regulatory body such as Advertising Standards Authority’s Guidance on the Marketing of Publications (or equivalent bodies applicable to our global offices). Such communication for the purpose of marketing and publicity of the journal content is not at the expense of its integrity of content.
23. Advertising
IJB makes use of very specific, appropriate and only most essential advertising on our online publications. The logos of indexing bodies like Scopus, ERIC, WoS and others are shown to inform the readers of the indexing status of the journal. Such advertising is independent from what we publish and has no connection with contents of the manuscripts or with the with the themes of special issues.
We follow the Research Publishing Ethics Guidelines on Good Publication Practice while we use the required and limited advertising. We also adhere to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) guidelines https://www.asa.org.uk/resource/publications.html for our data protection regulations, Marketing of Publications, and our internal Compliance procedures.
24. PR / Media
The PR/ Media committee of IJB comprises editorial board members as well as a few authors who promote the journal among their academic colleagues in universities and institutions. For this purpose we follow the Code of Conduct of the concerned regulatory bodies including COPE Guidelines on Good Publication Practice. We strictly observe the norms and standards when we need to issue press releases or other media communications in seminars and conferences. If our PR/Media activities concern our authors, editors or reviewers, we keep them informed about the media activity with their names mentioned. Our editors and peer reviewers who are involved in media or publicity related activities are encouraged to familiarize themselves with and follow the International Public Relations Association’s (IPRA) Code of Conduct https://www.ipra.org/member-services/code-of-conduct/.
25. Metrics, Usage and Reporting
IJB complies with the industry standards and the Code of Ethics while reporting metrics, statistics and content usage (e.g. citations). We ensure that our reporting of metrics and statistics are correct, accurate and no malicious infringement has been committed and remains compliant with the industry standard and the COUNTER Code of Practice Release 5 https://www.projectcounter.org/code-of-practice-five-sections/abstract/.
We also share our metrics with third parties, including commercial services, who provide users and readers with metrics illustrating our impact factor, and other such metrics. We appreciate the support provided to us by third parties such as Crossref, and other indexing bodies ((through the provision of data, access or fees) that have actively facilitated our work of disseminating our metrics and data statistics.
