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Listing 38 - 20 of 2806 results.

Psychological Skills during Training and Competition on Recovery-Stress State among Adolescent State Athletes

Research Article
Author(s): Garry Kuan, Yee-Cheng Kueh
Journal: Journal of Sports Research

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Abstract
The relationship between self-report psychological skills and recovery-stress state was investigated. Seventy adolescent state athletes in Malaysia completed the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS), and Recovery-Stress questionnaire (RESTQ-Sport). Correlation analysis was used to determine the significant relationship between the psychological skills and recovery-stress subscales. The results showed that there were significant correlations between the psychological skills and recovery-stress states. For psychological skills during practice, the strongest correlations were observed in attention control and general stress (r = -0.48, p < 0.01), goal setting and total recovery (r = 0.72, p < 0.01), and psychological skills during competition, the strongest correlations were observed in self-talk and general stress (r = -0.55, p < 0.01), goal setting and total recovery (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). The direction (positive or negative) of correlations showed that individuals reporting frequent use of psychological skills also reported lower state of stress and higher state of recovery in their sport during practice and competition. Future researchers should seek to establish the path relationships by investigating whether demographic variables, physical fitness level and other psychological measures that may associated with recovery-stress states and the use of psychological skills for athletes.
Contribution/ Originality
The study documents the psychological skills components, inter-correlated with the recovery and stress subscales among a group of adolescent state athletes. Next, this study attempted to identify the relationship between each component or aspect of psychological skills used during practice and competition on athletes’ recovery and stress state. 
Physical Sciences » Journal of Sports Research » Month: 12-2015 Issue: 4

The Effect of Selected Financial Ratios on Profitability: An Empirical Analysis of Listed Firms of Cement Sector in Saudi Arabia

Research Article
Author(s): Muhammad Nauman Khan, Imran Khokhar
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research

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Abstract
The plinth emergence of infrastructures sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia cardinally hinges upon the growth and development of the Cement industry. The Saudi cement industry is most cost competitive in the world due to availability of raw material and Fuel at very low prices by the government. This has encouraged the researchers to analyze the relationship between profitability and selected financial ratios of cement industry in Saudi Arabia. The research paper makes an endeavor to determine the profitability of listed cement companies in Saudi Arabia with five years accounting period from 2008 to 2012. The paper encompasses six variables, namely, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR), Debtors’ Turnover Ratio (DTR), Creditors’ Velocity (CRSV), Total Assets Turnover Ratio (TATR) and Net profit Margin (NPM). Profitability as a dependent variable is exhibited by Net profit Margin (NPM) while the selected ratios DER, ITR, DTR, CRSV, TATR and CRSV are expressed as independent variables. Based on the findings of the study, it is cogently revealed that there is a significant relationship between the three selected ratios and Net Profit Margin (NPM) of cement companies in Saudi Arabia.
Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies conducted on the relationship among different financial ratios and profitability of the companies in Saudi Arabia. The present research investigated the effect of determinants on profitability of cement sector listed companies in Saudi Arabia. Current study concluded that DER, ITR and CRSV have positive effect on the NPM of cement companies.
Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 1

Effective Use of Teaching Methodologies in Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) Classrooms in Nigeria: A Panacea to Vision 20:2020

Research Article
Author(s): M.A. Yusha’u
Journal: International Journal of Education and Practice

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Abstract
This paper examines the possibility of Nigeria to be counted among the achievers of the World best 20 in knowledge based economy Vision 20:2020. Focusing on the attainment in Science, Technology and Mathematics education.  The paper concerned specifically with the various teaching methodologies employed by teachers in Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) classrooms that could be of significant impact on students’ academic performance as a panacea to vision 20:2020.  The paper recommends that Nigeria must design a plan that would sustain and protect the nation’s educational reforms processes in STM.  And donations received from international donors such as World Bank (WB), United Nation Educational Scientific, Cultural and Organization (UNESCO) and others should be judiciously utilized, valuated and assessed regularly to see if target and goals are being achieved.
Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes in the existing literature on how to improve classroom instructional delivery in Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) subjects. It provides STM teachers with explicit explanations on teaching strategies and forum for selecting appropriate strategies that will match the learning style of their students.
Arts and Education » International Journal of Education and Practice » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 3

The Potential of E-Learning in Meeting the Needs of Migrant Communities

Research Article
Author(s): Abdallah Alasraj, Hael Alharbi
Journal: International Journal of Education and Practice

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Abstract
Migrants have a better quality of life if they can speak the language of their new country. Much emphasis has been placed on the acquisition of English language skills, but there are other countries such as Saudi Arabia, where Arabic is needed as a second language. The Saudi government has been investing heavily in e-technology and this paper shows that online learning can effectively be used for foreign language learning. A small component of face to face learning can add further value. This is significant if providing language learning access to migrant communities, as they may not always be able to attend classes on a regular basis, and there are economic reasons on the part of local governments or employers to find viable options for reducing costs. Findings from this study indicate that language learners also appreciated the bonus features that came with the online courses, including an improvement in computer skills and ready access to translation through online dictionaries.
Contribution/ Originality
This paper is one of the few studies which have investigated the use of technology for Arabic language learning.
Arts and Education » International Journal of Education and Practice » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 3

The Social Context of Street Culture in Substance Use; a Literature Review of Homeless Youth Perspectives

Research Article
Author(s): Cate Wilson, Joanne Bradbury
Journal: International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research

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Abstract
Homeless youth experience disproportionately high rates of psychological problems and substance-related disorders. Street culture provides protection and support for young people who find themselves excluded from family and socialising institutions. The aim of this review is to examine the social context of the street culture and substance use from the perspective of homeless youth. Databases searched included Cochrane, Cinahl, Medline, and PsychINFO. Search terms included homeless, youth and substance use. Twenty studies (12 quantitative and 8 qualitative) were identified. Major themes included survival and adaption to the street culture, social and human capital gains, and social networks.  Street youth viewed substances as helpful for treating physical and psychological problems, and as a means of generating social capital necessary for survival in the street culture. Intervention programs should not only address the trauma and mental health issues of young people but also the context of the substance-using street culture.
Contribution/ Originality


Medical Sciences » International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research » Month: 05-2015 Issue: 5

Patient Satisfaction with the Supportive Services in Gulhane Military Medical Faculty Training Hospital

Research Article
Author(s): Mevlut Karadag, Ibrahim Halil Cankul, Huseyin Abuhanoglu
Journal: International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research

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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the satisfaction level with the supportive services among patients in Gulhane Military Medical Faculty (GMMF) Training Hospital. The study population consisted of GMMF Training Hospital outpatients and inpatients. The "Patients Satisfaction Questionnaire" by Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey was used to gather data. Survey was completed with 587 outpatients and 218 inpatients, total 805 patients. The average level of general satisfaction of the patients in the study with regard to supportive services at hospital is 3.54±0.75. It was observed that the highest satisfaction rates in supportive services were obtained among outpatients in following criteria; "general appearance of polyclinics (cleaning, order and arrangement). They were “general appearance of the clinic (cleaning, order and arrangement)”, “cleaning of the room” and “security measures at entrances in terms of safety of the patient and the hospital" among inpatients. The least satisfactory services for outpatients were “noise level at polyclinics area" and "car park services" and for inpatients they were "hair dressing services at clinics” and “postal services". Statistically significant difference was obtained between the satisfaction levels from supportive services depending on the gender of the inpatients, ages and educational statuses of the outpatients. It was observed that improvement is required in especially “car park services”, “noise level at the polyclinics area”, “hair dressing services at clinics” and “postal services” that cause dissatisfaction or lower the satisfaction level at GMMF Training Hospital.
Contribution/ Originality


Medical Sciences » International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 6

FNAC of Normal Size Paediatric Lymph Nodes: Is It Justified?

Research Article
Author(s): Gaurav Jain, Deepti Kalita, Leela Pant, Sompal Singh
Journal: International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research

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Abstract
This study was performed to assess utility of FNAC in normal size paediatric lymph nodes and to compare cytological findings in these normal size lymph nodes with enlarged lymph nodes. Two years retrospective study included all paediatric (age ≤ 14 years) patients referred to our department of cytopathology, for fine needle aspiration of lymph node swellings. Total 1524 lymph node FNAs were performed in 2011-12. Among these 484 (31.8%) were paediatric cases and were included in the study. Out of these cases 293 (60.5%) were normal by size and 191 (39.5%) were enlarged lymph nodes. It was observed that fine needle aspiration is more useful in large lymph node lesions than normal size lymph nodes for specific diagnosis. Still owing to small but finite possibility of finding specific lesions in normal sized lymph nodes, cytological examination of these cases is still recommended. 
Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding that cytological examination of normal size palpable paediatric lymph nodes is advisable owing to small but finite possibility of finding specific lesions.
Medical Sciences » International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 6

Information about Simulation Software for Testing of Wireless Network

Research Article
Author(s): Kalpana Chaudhari, P.T. Karule
Journal: Journal of Information

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Abstract
Actual network testing is  time consuming and costly  for researcher  so  Solution for this problem is that to  test  wireless network using open source  and free software   is available for that .The paper  reflects  the  number of software  availability to  network  model design and its performance . Many authors have worked on various QoS parameters using different service classes in WiMAX. WiMAX is wireless technology for fixed and mobile access and also known by IEEE802.16 standard .Now a day’s WiMAX is  fast and suitable wireless technology  for urban and rural area which can cover maximum area with minimum infrastructure. IEEE 802.16e-2005 has been developed for mobile wireless communication which is based on OFDM technology and this enables going towards the 4G mobile in the future. In this paper, simulation model based on 802.16e OFDM-PHY baseband (WIMAX) and demonstrated in simulation scenarios with QPSK to find out the best performance of physical layer for WiMAX Mobile. All the necessary conditions were implemented in the simulation according to the 802.16e OFDMA-PHY specification. The study is conducted on various quality parameters impacting the WiMAX service performance of a WiMAX network and also introduces NS3 simulation software to  test WiMAX  network.  
Contribution/ Originality
This paper contributes the literature study on network simulators availability and   network model design and performance analysis   using NS3 software. The contribution in the paper   is based on number of nodes and their   parameter which are (Design and simulation parameter, QOS) taken in to the consideration. 
Computer Sciences » Journal of Information » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 1

An Empirical Test on Effect of Intra-Product Trade on Regional Income Distribution: The Case of Liaoning, China

Research Article
Author(s): Cui Yanjuan, Yu Jin
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research

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Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between intra-product trade and regional income distribution by empirical tests of co-integration and Granger causality with  time series data from 1994 to 2013. The conclusion shows that intra-product trade and regional income distribution have a long-term equilibrium relationship. The exports of intra-product trade can significantly reduce the income gap between urban and rural residents, while the imports have a negative influence. At the meantime, the intra-product exports and imports are the one-way causal of income distribution. In addition, the capital contribution can enlarge the urban and rural income gap significantly. Education also has a negative influence, but it is non-significant. 
Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes in the existing literature in two main areas. First, this study focuses on the effect of intra-product trade on urban and rural income gap. Second, this study does an empirical test with Liaoning China which is rarely discussed in the intra-product trade literature. 
Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 03-2015 Issue: 1

Role of Foreign Investment and External Debt in Determination of Exchange Rate

Research Article
Author(s): Abdul Basit, Ishaque Ahmed Ansari
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research

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Abstract
The purpose of study is to observe importance and impact of the external debt and foreign investment in exchange rate of Pakistan. Ordinary Least Square and Exact Maximum Likelihood methods have been used for estimating the models. Cost of foreign debt ha
Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the relationship between the inflow/outflow of foreign currencies and the exchange rate.
Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2

Benefit-Cost Analysis of Alternative Insect Pests Management in Cashew and Mango Orchards in Tanzania

Research Article
Author(s): J.G. William, J. Hella, E. Lars, J. Offenberg, M. Mwatawala, G. Rwegasira
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research

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Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the financial feasibility of African weaver ants (Oecophylla longinoda) as biological control agents in cashew and mango orchards. It was compared to chemical insecticides and control based on the experimental data in 2012/13 and 2013/14 cropping seasons. Three important discounted financial indicators were used in the study; they are the Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Three scenarios concerning the increase of costs and benefits were used. The results of the study showed that all indicators for financial feasibility analysis were positive and accepted in each treatment. In cashew, African weaver ant without feeding indicated highest NPV (TZS 32 640), BCR (2.5:1) and IRR (57%). In mango, conflicting results were observed in feasibility ranking. But African weaver ants without feeding gave highest acceptable NPV of TZS 66 926. The three scenarios showed that setting much higher costs and benefits at five percent the NPV for African weaver ant was highest than other treatments. The findings of this study suggest that African weaver ant without feeding are financially feasible to be adopted and was recommended.
Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the financial feasibility of using African weaver ants (Oecophylla longinoda) to provide information that help smallholder farmers making decision on appropriate alternative insect pest management in Tanzanian cashew and mango.
Economics » Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2

Climate Relevant Emissions from Animal Production and Reduction Potentials

Research Article
Author(s): Gerhard Flachowsky, Dirk von Soosten, Ulrich Meyer
Journal: Animal Review

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Abstract
Animal production contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions (about 14.5%). The so-called Carbon Footprint (CF) considers the greenhouse gas potential of climate relevant gases (e.g., CO2 x 1; CH4 x 23; N2O x 296) and is given in CO2-eq per g or kg product or per unit edible protein. The CF may help to assess the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of foods of animal origin such as milk, meat, eggs or fish. The CF may contribute to sensitizing producers and consumers to a more resource-efficient and environmentally-friendly production, to the consumption of food of animal origin, and to avoiding food wastage. The highest CF per unit edible protein is calculated for products of growing ruminants (beef and lamb), followed by milk and pork and eggs and poultry meat with the lowest values. Discrepancies in the results of various studies are mainly explained by different system boundaries, allocation methods and computation of emissions, especially with regard to land use changes, enteric methane emissions and nitrous oxide emissions. A more standardized approach for data collection and CF-calculations would be a very useful tool to compare CF between production systems, regions and countries, and an indicator for food labelling, and is considered in the first part of this paper. The second part of the paper deals with the potential to reduce climate relevant gases from animal production. Some specific influencing factors, such as plant and animal breeding, feed production, animal feeding as well as animal keeping, animal health and excrement management are analysed more in detail. Most attention has been spent to the methane reduction potentials in the rumen. The reduction of CF in ruminant production per product should focus on a lowering of methane emissions from enteric fermentation and an increase of low production levels as well a reduction of ineffective animal numbers. In the future, results of plant and animal breeding may also substantially contribute to lower GHG emissions. Furthermore, new potentials to improve protein supply for human nutrition should be used. The production of food of animal origin is a very complex process and selective consideration, i.e., focussing on single factors, does not provide an assessment that reflects the complexity of the subject. Recommendations for further research activities are given.
Contribution/ Originality


Agricultural Sciences » Animal Review » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2

Equilibrium of E-Channel Relationship and Decisions

Research Article
Author(s): Huei-Chen Hsu, Hui-Chu Chen, Li-Fen Tsai, Sheng-Wen Liu
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability

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Abstract
The Web2.0 model has aroused vast attention as it alters the traditional role of consumers’ purchase behavior. This paper examines the problems of E-Channel coordination; the focus of this paper is that completely measures the utility function and the “maximally” separating equilibrium diverse choice alternatives. The impact of complexity on consumer choice combines to affect the consistency of consumers’ choices is not well understood. The low quality products distribute through retailers with no reputation Channel of distribution consists of different channel members’ decision. Therefore, the authors found that even if low quality manufacturers have no reputation of their products, they can signal quality by posting the reputation of high reputation of retailers.
Contribution/ Originality
The paper’s primary contribution is finding an equilibrium foundation for a manufacturer’s choice of retailer and provides an example of renting another agents reputation to signal product quality when one does not have any reputation of one’s own. Another aspect, this paper demonstrates the fundamental nature of the channel coordination problem and the identification of quantity discount schedules and more generally variable price contracts as coordinating mechanism.
Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11

Poverty, Inequality and Millennium Development Goals’ Expenditure: A Probabilistic Linkage

Research Article
Author(s): Bello Malam Saidu
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability

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Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the linkage between poverty, inequality and Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs) expenditure. To achieve the set objective, probit and logit models were empirically employed using a panel data series. The results revealed that a unit increase in expenditure on MDGs would lead to increase in poverty by a single digit and income inequality by double digits. This is not to blame the MDG funding or discourage it. Plausibly the expenditure on MDGs has been constrained due to technical, managerial, institutional, macro-economic imbalances, and policy bottlenecks. Therefore, government and agencies should ameliorate these constraints. Consequently, this work has originated applied logit and probit models to explore poverty-inequality-MDGs’ expenditure nexus.
Contribution/ Originality
The paper contributes the first logical analysis of probabilistic linkages between poverty, inequality and MDGs’ expenditure. It has originated applied logit and probit models to explore poverty-inequality-MDGs’ expenditure nexus. It founds plausibly that expenditure on MDGs has been constrained due to technical, managerial, institutional, and policy bottlenecks among others.
Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11

A Fractional Cointegration Analysis of Purchasing Power Parity: Evidence of ELW

Research Article
Author(s): Nadhem Selmi
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability

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Abstract
This study examines the long-run relationship between exchange rates and relative prices. We use a long memory techniques that allow for persistence of chock relationships across real exchange rate to examine the existence of weak-form and strong-form Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) between the Tunisian and five partner countries of Tunisia, namely, (Germany, the United States, France, Italy, the UK, Morocco and Libya. The empirical results obtained through the R/S, Modified R/S, GPH and ELW tests; make us consider the PPP as an event in the long run if significant short-term deviations from the PPP cannot exist. Therefore, the analysis of the fractional cointegration makes the deviations, regarding equilibrium, follow a slightly integrated process and therefore capture a much wider group of research parity or mean-reverting behavior.
Contribution/ Originality
This study uses new estimation methodology. The application of fractional cointegration technique is very important in resolving puzzle of purchasing power parity (PPP). By allowing deviations from equilibrium to follow a fractionally integrated process, the fractional cointegration analysis can explain the persistence of a wider range of mean-reversion behaviour better than the standard cointegration analyses.
Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 11-2014 Issue: 11

Impact of Family Ownership on Market Value of a Firm: A Comparative Analysis of Family and Non-Family Companies Listed at Karachi Stock Exchange (Pakistan)

Research Article
Author(s): Safdar Husain Tahir, Hazoor Muhammad Sabir
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability

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Abstract
The current study attempts to investigate the impact of family ownership structure on value of firms listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) of Pakistan. For the distinction of FOB from Non-FOB, two threshold points (25% & 50%) of ownership structure are used. A sample of 280 listed firms at KSE is collected ranging for the period 2002-13. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is applied on panel data to estimate the coefficients of variables. The empirical results indicate that the family firms outperform the non-family ones. The better performance of young generation of family firms over succeeding generation is also revealed but professional chief executive officer (CEO) over family member is preferred. Furthermore, this study discovers inflection points i.e. (62% & 57%) for family and non-family firms under quadratic specification respectively. 
Contribution/ Originality
This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the impact of family ownership on firm’s value in Pakistan. The prolific nature of family businesses in emerging economies makes the subject matter hot in recent business studies. As a comparative analysis, this study not only provides guidelines or instructions to family managers but also to the authorities of non-family businesses. In this way, this study is a lighthouse for both organizational types existing in business environment around the globe. 
Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 12

Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Exports in Nigeria: A Test of Cochrane-Orcutt Technique

Research Article
Author(s): Bello Malam Saidu
Journal: International Journal of Management and Sustainability

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Abstract
This paper examines the dynamic effects of exchange rate fluctuations on exports in Nigeria. To achieve the set objectives, classical least square and Cochrane-Orcutt technique were applied. Results revealed that exchange rate volatility and foreign income have positive and significant effect on exports, while relative prices exert negative and significant effect on exports. This implies that, a unit rise in exchange rate volatility and foreign income, coincidentally both lead to increase in exports by eightfold. Consequently, government should strengthen the Naira to minor spirals, attract foreign income flow, and promote export goods, among others. Foreign income flow could be attracted via private investment of export goods, transforming them to semi-processed form thereby improving exports prices, values and volume in the country.
Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to existing literature in terms of exchange rate volatility on exports. It uses modified version of existing methodologies. Also, the paper’s primary contribution is finding that, exchange rate volatility and foreign income have positive and significant effect on exports, which both raises aggregate trade by eightfold.
Business & Management » International Journal of Management and Sustainability » Month: 12-2014 Issue: 12

Stock Market Index Prediction with Neural Network during Financial Crises: A Review on Bist-100

Research Article
Author(s): Şakir SAKARYA, Mehmet YAVUZ, Aslan Deniz KARAOĞLAN, Necati ÖZDEMİR
Journal: Financial Risk and Management Reviews

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Abstract
Predetermining the future value of a variable is both quite important and rather difficult process in financial markets. In this context, especially in the last 15 years, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are widely used in order to resolve various kinds of financial problems such as performing portfolio construction, stock index, and bankruptcy prediction. This study examines the predictability of daily and weekly returns of Borsa İstanbul (BIST)-100 Index during global crisis period (July 2007-December 2009) by using ANN. It differs from other similar studies in the literature as it: i) covers global crisis period, ii) predicts index value of the next day and next week and finally iii) uses seven different economic parameters (variables) as input. The results obtained suggest that ANN can be used quite successfully in this area and foresee correctly the value for next day and next week with an accuracy margin error of less than 5% even for unknown samples. The ANN model in this study is developed using MATLAB R2008b.
Contribution/ Originality


Economics » Financial Risk and Management Reviews » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2

Correlation between Milk Yield, Somatic Cell Count and Milk Quality in Dairy Farming

Research Article
Author(s): Ferhan Kaygisiz, Gurhan Ciftcioglu, Gulhan H. Turkay, Yavuz Cevger, Ghassan Issa, Hulya Yalcintan, Hasret Yardibi
Journal: Animal Review

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Abstract
This study investigated between milk yield and Somatic Cell Count, sampled from 3 different dairy enterprises. Chemical and microbiological parameters analyzed for the relation with milk yield. Milk samples have been collected from 10 dairy cows, two times per month during 1 year period. Bacteriological analyzes have been employed for milks. Milk yield data for each cow have been recorded in every sampling day. Depending on the logistic regretion analyses on the data collected from all enterprises;  high total plate count  and E.coli counts have negative effects on milk yield, but has been found significally important (p<0.05) only for the data of E.coli. counts. In group 1; somatic cell count and E.coli counts have negative effect on milk yield and only the data of E.coli has been found statistically important (p<0.05).  In group 2; only the data related negative effect of E.coli counts on milk yield has been found as statistically important (p<0.05). The third group, total plate count has negative effect on milk yield.  Regarding to the chemical analyses of fat in milk, non-fat dry matter, density and protein values have been detected in the enterprises 1, 2 and 3 as 2.88, 3.56, 4.34; 7.91, 7.83, 8.12; 1026.4, 1025.8, 1026; 3.04, 2.96, 3.07, respectively. According to the correlation analyses applied between milk yield and fat in milk, non fat-dry matter, protein and density in milk in all enterprises; there were significant correlation between non-fat dry matter and milk yield in enterprise 2 (p<0.05) and density and milk yield in enterprise 3 (p<0.01).
Contribution/ Originality
The study contributes the existing literature, which the correlation between SCC and the microbiological milk quality has been compared, in order to analize the possible effects on the production of dairy products and the reflection for dairy industry.
Agricultural Sciences » Animal Review » Month: 06-2015 Issue: 2

Evaluation of In Vitro Protocols for Elimination of Banana Streak Virus from Tissue Cultured Explants in Banana Seedling Production

Research Article
Author(s): G. Mungai, E. Ateka, A. Nyende, D. Miano
Journal: Current Research in Agricultural Sciences

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Abstract
The banana industry in Kenya is threatened by the presence of Banana streak virus (BSV). The Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) commercial banana laboratory uses tissue culture (TC) technique for mass propagation of plantlets which are free from most disease causing organisms for commercial purposes. To evaluate in vitro protocols for production of Banana Streak Virus-free TC banana planting materials for farmers, leaf samples were collected from Thika, Kisii, and JKUAT orchards for indexing. The corms were taken through the TC procedure up to the 2nd subculture stage after which they were subjected to three virus elimination techniques; chemotherapy, meristem tip culture and thermotherapy for evaluation. Indexing for BSV using PCR BSV indicated 90, 80 and 40% infection levels for Kisii, JKUAT and Thika orchards, respectively. For chemotherapy evaluation, concentrations of between 10 and 40 mg/l were used resulting in 0 to 90% virus elimination. For thermotherapy, 27°C (control), 32°C, 34°C, 36°C and 38°C for 10 days, resulted in 0 and 90% virus elimination. Meristem tip culture at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm (control) gave between 0 and 90% virus elimination, respectively. The study indicates that BSV can be eliminated using chemotherapy, thermotherapy and meristem tip culture.  Chemotherapy using salicylic acid at 20mg/l can be used to eliminate BSV up 90%. It is also easy to implement since it is incorporated into the medium.
Contribution/ Originality
This study contributes to the existing literature on virus elimination from banana planting materials globally and the first logical analysis in the fight against banana streak virus in Kenya.  If adopted, the findings of the study can help banana farmers increase the yield translating to higher income and poverty eradication.
Agricultural Sciences » Current Research in Agricultural Sciences » Month: 09-2015 Issue: 3