International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences

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No.1

Analysis of Teachers Perception of Their Public Image and It Influence On Students Performance in Physics: A Key to Improving the Quality of Education in Nigeria

Pages: 180-183
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Analysis of Teachers Perception of Their Public Image and It Influence On Students Performance in Physics: A Key to Improving the Quality of Education in Nigeria

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Mallo Yohanna Iliya , Akila Simdet

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Mallo Yohanna Iliya; Akila Simdet (2013). Analysis of Teachers Perception of Their Public Image and It Influence On Students Performance in Physics: A Key to Improving the Quality of Education in Nigeria. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 180-183. DOI:
The study examined teachers’ perception of their public image and its influence on students’ performance in physics in Pankshin Local Government Area of Plateau State. A survey research designed was employed for the study; the study population was all secondary school in Pankshin L.G.A of Plateau State. 100 teachers and students were used as sample using simple random sampling techniques. The study was guided by three research hypothesis. A 16 items questionnaire was the instrument used to collected data from the sample and students’ performance was also collected. The instrument was validated by experts and a reliability coefficient of 0.90 was established using test-retest method. Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient was used to test the research hypothesis. From the findings, Government and students attitude towards the teacher contributes to teachers public image in turn have a negative effect on students performance. The paper recommended that Government/employers of labour should show regards for teacher by meeting their demands to encourage them in their job. Also parents, teachers and government should put heads together to ensure that student attitudes towards teachers change positively to achieve improved performance. 

Extent of Availability of Safety Instruments/ Equipment in Science Laboratories in Secondary Schools in Ebonyi State of Nigeria

Pages: 174-179
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Extent of Availability of Safety Instruments/ Equipment in Science Laboratories in Secondary Schools in Ebonyi State of Nigeria

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Celestine N. Nwele

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Celestine N. Nwele (2013). Extent of Availability of Safety Instruments/ Equipment in Science Laboratories in Secondary Schools in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 174-179. DOI:
The study examined the extent of availability of safety instruments in science laboratories in secondary schools in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. The researcher used 45 secondary schools and 180 science teachers and laboratory attendants for the study. Descriptive survey design was adopted. 11-item four-point scale structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation for the research question while t-test was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 alpha level of significance. Result of the data analysis revealed that the extent of availability of safety instruments is very low in secondary schools in Ebonyi state of Nigeria. The implication of this is that sustainable development of science laboratory skills in the state will be hampered. The researcher recommends that the government of Ebonyi State should ensure that safety instruments are provided to a very high extent in secondary schools in the state.

Cultural Imperatives in Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in Mathematics

Pages: 166-173
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Cultural Imperatives in Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in Mathematics

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Ebisine Sylvester Sele

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Ebisine Sylvester Sele (2013). Cultural Imperatives in Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in Mathematics. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 166-173. DOI:
DIF is said to occur if different subgroups, who have equal standing on the construct the test is designed to measure, display different probabilities of passing an item (in test of typical performance). DIF as a condition in which given examinees of equal ability in the trait being measured, the probability of answering an item correctly is related to group membership. There are evidences of DIF among testees from different subgroups (cultural group, gender and socioeconomic background). Therefore, any test used to measure students’ ability must be fair among different cultures. Because of the different cultural setting tests may not be functioning in the same way in all cultures, which is also called that test may be equivalent or tests may not be fair among different culture. This paper therefore discusses the concepts of DIF, culture and the theoretical perspective of cultural imperative in DIF. Furthermore, the paper examined the sources of DIF in multicultural assessment and how to deal with inequivalent items. Finally, it attempts the use of culturally responsive instructional technique to reduce students’ differential performance in mathematics.

Asseement of Lost of Agricultural Farmland Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Gudu Local Government Area of Sokoto State

Pages: 160-165
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Asseement of Lost of Agricultural Farmland Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Gudu Local Government Area of Sokoto State

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Muhammad Mansur Aliyu

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Muhammad Mansur Aliyu(2013). Asseement of Lost of Agricultural Farmland Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Gudu Local Government Area of Sokoto State. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 160-165. DOI:
Assessment of loss of Agricultural farmland using Remote Sensing Techniques is an area of significance that has been attracting swelling attention. This paper is an attempt to assess the changes in Agricultural farmland in Gudu town of Sokoto State over a 13 year period. The study made use of LandSat imageries of 1986 and 1999. The images were classified using Maximum Likelihood Classification method after which the land use land cover Maps produced for the periods are overlaid. The results show that loss of Agricultural farmland to bare soil constituted the most extensive type of land use/land cover in the study area. The increasing population and economic activities were noted to be putting pressure on the available land. This paper highlights the importance of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in apprehending the situation in order to save the environment for our future generation in Gudu Local Government area of Sokoto State and the nation as a whole.

The Challenge of Effective Science Teaching In Nigerian Secondary Schools

Pages: 152-159
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The Challenge of Effective Science Teaching In Nigerian Secondary Schools

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Omorogbe E , Ewansiha J. Clestine

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Omorogbe E; Ewansiha J. Clestine (2013). The Challenge of Effective Science Teaching In Nigerian Secondary Schools. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 152-159. DOI:
This paper attempts to highlight the performance of students in science in Nigeria, and some of the factors that affect performance in science. These include, Quality Science teaching, Teacher quality and the five indicators of teacher quality. These include; academic and professional qualification, In-service refresher courses and trainings, teacher experience and teacher salary and quality teaching –learning resources. All these factors affect largely the way science is taught in schools. Regrettably the teaching and learning of science in Nigerian schools cannot be said to be effective because of the poor performance of students resulting from inappropriate teaching methodologies, lack of adequate knowledge of subject matter, competencies, skills, inadequate teacher training and lack of in-service training and refresher courses, and lack of basic teaching-learning resources. The way forward to improving science education in Nigeria is also discussed and recommendations and conclusions made.

Auxin Producing Bacilli: Potential Candidates in Growth Stimulation of Vigna Radiata (L.)

Pages: 145-151
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Auxin Producing Bacilli: Potential Candidates in Growth Stimulation of Vigna Radiata (L.)

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Atia Iqbal , Shahida Hasnain

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Atia Iqbal; Shahida Hasnain
(2013). Auxin Producing Bacilli: Potential Candidates in Growth Stimulation of Vigna Radiata (L.). International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 145-151. DOI:
While screening the best candidate for plant growth promoting attributes, gram positive bacilli get the special attention due to good survival rate under unfavorable conditions. Three bacilli strains, isolated from the rhizospheric region of different crops, were evaluated for their auxin production potential and their plant growth promoting capability for Vigna radiata (L.) plant. All strains were found to synthesize auxin when grown in LB broth emended with L-tryptophan in vitro condition that was further confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography HPLC. Model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used to check the effect of bacilli in root morphogenesis of this plant. Strains led the increase in primary root length and lateral root density significantly (P=0.05) over control. Bacterization of Vigna radiata seeds with bacilli isolates resulted in the increase of the root length, shoot length, fresh and dry biomass of the seedlings significantly (P=0.05) over uninoculated control under laboratory conditions. Similar effects were observed under natural conditions in which shoot biomass and yield were increased significantly as compared to non-inoculated ones. Rhizospheric isolated strains showed the best results in growth enhancement of the plant growth and considered as good addition as a best biological candidate in the selection of plant phytostimulator.

Effect of Polya George’s Problem Solving Model on Students’ Achievement and Retention in Algebra

Pages: 137-144
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Effect of Polya George’s Problem Solving Model on Students’ Achievement and Retention in Algebra

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Samuel Onyinyechi Nneji

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Samuel Onyinyechi Nneji(2013). Effect of Polya George’s Problem Solving Model on Students’ Achievement and Retention in Algebra. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 137-144. DOI:
Quasi-experimental design was adopted in this study.  Pretest-posttest, non equivalent control  group was used. Eight intact classes, four of which were randomly assigned to experimental and the other four to control groups are used for the study. Sample of the study consisted of 220 SSII students from Ishielu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Four research questions and four hypotheses guided the study.  Algebra Achievement Test (ALAT) was used for data collection. ALAT was constructed by the researcher and validated by three research experts. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while the hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).   Experimental groups were taught using Polya George’s Problem Solving Model (POGPROSMO) while control groups were taught the same topics using expository method. Major findings of the study revealed that students taught Algebra with POGPROSMO achieved higher and retained more than those taught with expository method. There was no significant difference between the mean achievement and retention scores of male and female students in the study.  It was recommended that Mathematics teachers should adopt POGPROSMO in teaching Algebra.

Designing of Wireless Distribution System Network (WDSN) Model

Pages: 130-136
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Designing of Wireless Distribution System Network (WDSN) Model

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Babangida Zubairu

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Babangida Zubairu(2013). Designing of Wireless Distribution System Network (WDSN) Model. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 130-136. DOI:
Wireless network offers convenience, cost effectiveness, and easiness of integration with other networks and network components without coursing much technical hitches, hence is easier to setup and maintain, in this paper Wireless Distribution System Network (WDSN)has been developed using Wireless Distribution System (WDS)to demonstrate bridging of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) was used to develop and simulatethe model; the network was set to run web browsing, E-mail, audio streaming, and FTP (File Transfer Protocol).Simulation was run and the results obtain shows significant web page response time, media access delay and higher throughput that correspond with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard of 0 to 150 (ms)

Managing Science Teachers’ Productivity Challenges for Quality Science Education

Pages: 123-129
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Managing Science Teachers’ Productivity Challenges for Quality Science Education

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Melody N. Modebelu , Nnennaya Kalu-Uche

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Melody N. Modebelu; Nnennaya Kalu-Uche (2013). Managing Science Teachers’ Productivity Challenges for Quality Science Education. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 123-129. DOI:
Teachers are individuals trained to possess the technical know-how and the elements of what it takes to inculcate the expected national education goals through various curriculum subjects at various levels of education. The ability of these teachers to produce graduates with the expected goals indicates teacher’s productivity or effectiveness. Majority of secondary education graduates in Nigeria and other third world-nations do not adequately manifest the expected goals of secondary education and national education goals at large. This ugly situation negates the current emphasis on achieving quality science and technology driven economy in the nation. The study therefore examined issues in managing Science Teachers’ productivity challenges for quality science education in Anambra State of Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. Three research questions guided the study. A sample size of 708 science teachers (i.e. 342 Biology, 218 Chemistry, 113 Physics and 35 Basic science teachers), were selected through proportionate stratified sampling. A thirty-item-researchers-made questionnaire built on a 4 point scale was used for data collection. Mean and grand mean were used to answer the research questions. Findings revealed a low extent provision of supportive services for enhancement of teachers productivity in implementing science education reforms. Eight strategies for enhancing science teachers productivity were identified. Based on the findings, sponsoring science teachers to conferences on education reforms and challenges to teachers productivity by ministry of education and corporate organizations were recommended.

Role of Green Tea Extract and Powder To Mitigate Metabolic Syndromes; Special Reference To Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia

Pages: 105-122
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Role of Green Tea Extract and Powder To Mitigate Metabolic Syndromes; Special Reference To Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia

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S. Yousaf , M. S. Butt , H. A. R. Suleria , M. J. Iqbal , M. Sohail

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S. Yousaf; M. S. Butt; H. A. R. Suleria; M. J. Iqbal; M. Sohail (2013). Role of Green Tea Extract and Powder To Mitigate Metabolic Syndromes; Special Reference To Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 105-122. DOI:
Currently dependence on natural products is gaining popularity to combat various physiological threats. Scientific evidences have been provided that dietary phytochemicals may play important roles as chemo-preventive or chemotherapeutic agents in the prevention of many diseases. Green tea has many biologically active moieties like flavanols and polyphenols. Catechins are flavanols that constitute majority of soluble solids of green tea; its major fractions are epigallocatechingallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechingallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC). Among these, EGCG is the predominant fraction contributing more than 50% of polyphenols. It has many health related characteristics like hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antiviral and antihypertensive. Ethanolic extracts of green tea was subjected to in vivo modeling. Efficacy trial was carried out on normal, hyperglycemic and hypercholesterolemic rats for 8 weeks study. Control, functional and nutraceutical diets were used for each study. Drink & feed intake and body weight increased during the study period. Serum analysis depicted that maximum reduction of cholesterol level was noted in hypercholesterolemic rats up to 15.45 % due to nutraceutical diet. It was 21.51 % in case of LDL and 12.92 % for triglycerides. The serum glucose level was reduced maximum in hyperglycemic rats up to 13.39 % as a result of nutraceutical diet. The functional diet resulted in a bit less reduction in the respective traits as compared to nutraceutical diet. Hematological analysis revealed that administration of green tea did not adversely affect the red blood cell, white blood cells and platelets count of the rats. The current research work enables us to conclude that green tea is effective against hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia.

Mathematical Modeling for Simulation of Nuclear Reactor Analysis

Pages: 98-104
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Mathematical Modeling for Simulation of Nuclear Reactor Analysis

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Salah Ud-Din Khan , Shahab Ud-Din Khan

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Salah Ud-Din Khan; Shahab Ud-Din Khan
(2013). Mathematical Modeling for Simulation of Nuclear Reactor Analysis. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 98-104. DOI:
In this paper, we have developed a mathematical model for the nuclear reactor analysis to be implemented in the nuclear reactor code. THEATRe is nuclear reactor analysis code which can only work for the cylindrical type fuel reactor and cannot applicable for the plate type fuel nuclear reactor. Therefore, the current studies encompasses on the modification of THEATRe code for the plate type fuel element. This mathematical model is applicable to the thermal analysis of the reactor which is very important to determine the design of the reactor. It can produce desired thermal power without exceeding limitations on core components which may leads to fuel failure and radioactive release into the environment. The result obtained from modified code agrees well with other codes conforming the accuracy of simulation.

Revitalizing Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) For Youth Empowerment and Sustainable Development

Pages: 92-97
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Revitalizing Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) For Youth Empowerment and Sustainable Development

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Alhasan Ndagiusman , Abdullahi Tyabo

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Alhasan Ndagiusman; Abdullahi Tyabo
(2013). Revitalizing Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) For Youth Empowerment and Sustainable Development. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 92-97. DOI:
Globally, education is acknowledged as a means for transforming and empowering the youths with skills, knowledge and attitudes to enable them become productive members of the society. Yet Nigeria as a developing country with population of 140 million is battling with poverty and unemployment problems. This paper therefore focused on the contribution of a revitalized technical and vocational education and training with emphasis on youth empowerment to improve the economic status of the country and welfare of the people. Issues pertaining to integrating technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in education curricula, entrepreneurial activities aimed at jobs was discussed, this paper concludes that to solve the problem of widespread poverty and unemployment, priority should be given to revitalizing technical and vocational education and training with the priority given to empowering the youths on vocational education. Six major recommendations were made.

Security Requirements, Analysis, and Policy Formulation for Educational Institutionals

Pages: 83-91
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Security Requirements, Analysis, and Policy Formulation for Educational Institutionals

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Peter Okpamen

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Peter Okpamen (2013). Security Requirements, Analysis, and Policy Formulation for Educational Institutionals. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 83-91. DOI:
This project is a design implementation of Security requirements, analysis, and policy formulation of Educational Systems. Security of Information Systems in Educational institutions therefore concentrates on the collective efforts of all institutions to produce markedly secured Information systems to help deal with the threat or problems of Identity management within and outside the institution. Identity Management (IDM)” refers to the analysis of procedures of utilizing technologies, models/methods, standards/mechanisms in order to manage essential information in the institution’s  network about the identity of all users,  and control access to School’s  resources. In this project, apart from the design implementation and  analysis,  emphasis was also  placed on the Identity Management(IDM), which  guarantees the Identity and Integrity of every registered users in  the Network in order to apply appropriate access policy, deliver visibility into Network activity, and secure the local, centralized, distributed,  and web/globalizes management of remote devices, while providing Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting functionality across the institution’s  Network devices.

Effects of Inoculation Ofsinorhizobiumciceriand Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on Nodulation, Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake of Chickpea (Cicerarietinuml.) In Shoarobit Area

Pages: 71-82
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Effects of Inoculation Ofsinorhizobiumciceriand Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on Nodulation, Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake of Chickpea (Cicerarietinuml.) In Shoarobit Area

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Birhanu Messele , L.M. Pant

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Birhanu Messele; L.M. Pant
(2013). Effects of Inoculation Ofsinorhizobiumciceriand Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on Nodulation, Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake of Chickpea (Cicerarietinuml.) In Shoarobit Area. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 71-82. DOI:
A field experiment was conducted during the 2006/07 growing season to assess the effects of inoculation of Sinorhizobiumciceri and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on the performance of chickpea variety” DZ-10-11” in ShoaRobitarea, Ethiopia. Three levels of NP fertilizer and four levels of inoculants were used for the experiment. Treatments were laid down in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial combination with three replications. The result of this study revealed that inoculation of Sinorhizobiumciceri alone increased dry matter yield by 156.58% and nodule number by 117.96% over the control whilst the addition of 18/20kg NP ha-1as urea and DCB resulted in 149.6% increase of dry matter yield and 143.6% increase in nodule number per plant over the uninoculated control. There was also a marked increase in nodule dry weight (200%), as a result of Sinorhizobiumciceri+ 18/20 kg N P ha-1as urea and DCB, indicating the importance of phosphorus for nodule tissue development. Similarly inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. + 18/20 kg N P ha-1 as urea and DCB also increased nodule dry weight, nodule number, nodule volume and seed yield by 240%, 188.52%, 151.81% 142.95% respectivelly over the control, indicating the efficiency of the bacteria in solubilizing phosphate in DCB. On the other hand inoculation of Sinorhizobiumciceri + Pseudomonas sp. with18/20 kg N P ha-1as urea and DCB increased nodules number per plant by 208.8% and nodule dry weight by 220% and nodule volume by 221.24%, dry matter by 172.09% over uninoculated control at mid flowering stage of chickpea. Similarly inoculation of Sinorhizobiumciceri + Pseudomonas sp. with18/20 kg N P ha-1as urea and DAP increased nodule number, nodule dry weight, nodule volume and dry matter by 271.59%, 220%, 241.97%, 181.40% respectively  over uninoculated control at mid flowering stage.

Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Processed Cashew Nut Marketers in Enugu North Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria

Pages: 64-70
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Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Processed Cashew Nut Marketers in Enugu North Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria

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Enwelu I. A , Ugwu S. T , Irohibe I

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Enwelu I. A; Ugwu S. T; Irohibe I. (2013). Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Processed Cashew Nut Marketers in Enugu North Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 64-70. DOI:
The study examined gender roles and challenges of small scale processed cashew nut marketers in Enugu North senatorial zone of Enugu State. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 72 respondents. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Small scale processed cashew nut marketers were dominated by female youths with mean age of 31 years and making a monthly income of between ₦10,000.00 - ₦14,999.00 from cashew nut marketing. The marketing strategy mostly used by marketers of processed cashew nut products in the study area was lowering of the product price (73.6%). The roles performed by marketers of small scale processed cashew nut products across gender were effective except selling of the products in which men were not involved at all. None of the extension services received by cashew nut marketers across gender was effective. The major challenges facing small scale processed cashew nut marketing enterprise were lack of institutional support (M=3.86) and poor quality of products (M=3.26). The study therefore recommends that the government critically examines its policy thrust on cashew nut production so as to attract private sector participation.

Indole Acetic Acid Production by Bacillus Popillae Isolated From Few Legume Plants Rhizosphere Soils

Pages: 58-63
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Indole Acetic Acid Production by Bacillus Popillae Isolated From Few Legume Plants Rhizosphere Soils

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R. Hiranmai Yadav

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R. Hiranmai Yadav  (2013). Indole Acetic Acid Production by Bacillus Popillae Isolated From Few Legume Plants Rhizosphere Soils. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 58-63. DOI:
 Plant rhizosphere soil represents a unique biological niche with diverse micro flora comprised of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and algae. A collection of 185 micro organisms were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of four legume plants (Vigna angularis, Vigna mungo, Vigna radiata and Vigna aconitifolia) and tested for the production of the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).The organism with maximum production was characterized and was mutated. The wild and mutated species were tested for the efficiency in IAA production with different medium such as LB medium, King’s B medium and Czapek dox medium. The media were optimized for the production of IAA. The increased quantity of IAA was produced by Bacillus popillae wild (39 µg/ml) and mutant (32 µg /ml) in LB Medium. Production media was prepared with optimized concentrations of carbon source (Bactotryptone 0.40g/25 ml), nitrogen source (Yeast extract 0.18g/25 ml) and mineral source (NaCl 0.30 g/25 ml) for wild and carbon source (Bactotryptone 0.40g g/25 ml), nitrogen source (Yeast extract 0.18g/25 ml) and mineral source (NaCl 0.30 g/25 ml) for mutant strain which produced 65 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml of IAA respectively. The IAA from this strain was extracted, purified and identified by thin layer chromatography and HPLC.

Growth Performance, Survival Rate and Nutrient Profile of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings Fed Rations of Soybean as Alternative Protein Source

Pages: 48-57
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Growth Performance, Survival Rate and Nutrient Profile of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings Fed Rations of Soybean as Alternative Protein Source

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Olele Nkeonyeasua Florence , Onyema Mcdonald Ibe , Odiko Andress Edowaye

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Olele Nkeonyeasua Florence; Onyema Mcdonald Ibe; Odiko Andress Edowaye
(2013). Growth Performance, Survival Rate and Nutrient Profile of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings Fed Rations of Soybean as Alternative Protein Source. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 48-57. DOI:
The need to augment fish production from the wild has necessitated increased attention in aquaculture. Such culture encourage the use of cheap and readily available feed which brings about increased size and high yield. Fishmeal was substituted (100%, 65%, 35%, 0%) with soybean (0%, 35%, 65% 100%) in Clarias gariepinus diet. One hundred and sixty fingerlings having mean body weight of approximately 10g each, were distributed into eight concrete tanks measuring 1×1×1.5m at the rate of twenty fingerlings/tank and fed albitium. Analysis of variance revealed that the highest value for final mean body weight (71.5 g), specific growth rate (2.3) and Protein Efficiency Ratios (1.48), were observed in diet 3. Glutamic acid was the major amino acid with the highest concentration (1.5 g) in diet 2. There was a decreasing level of Lysine and Methionine with increasing levels of soy bean inclusion, at various treatments. The study has shown that when 35% fishmeal was substituted with 65% soybean, fish yield was not only at its highest production, but was also nutritionally beneficial.

Artisanship and Innovation in the Nigerian Transport Sector: The Role of Nacetem

Pages: 41-47
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Artisanship and Innovation in the Nigerian Transport Sector: The Role of Nacetem

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O. F. Sanusi , T.O. Elufisan

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O. F. Sanusi; T.O. Elufisan (2013). Artisanship and Innovation in the Nigerian Transport Sector: The Role of Nacetem. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 41-47. DOI:
The development of any nation is anchored by various factors which are identified as economic drivers; among these factors is technology.According to Hornby (2002), it is defined as a scientific knowledge, used in practical ways, especially in the designing of new machines, machineries and equipment. This improvement in technological activities has been termed innovation. Technological innovation often results in the generation of new process or product or significantly improved process or products. The introduction of these products to artisans in any technological field simply signifies innovation practises; hence the need to train them on the use of the products or process that will make them more innovative and enhance their output.  Being an inevitable tool, Nigeria transport sector had witnessed various technology innovation activities which have not been fully harnessed by the artisans in the sectors. This paper therefore seeks to address the role of National Centre for Technology Management (NACETEM) as a policy agency in the adoption and acquisition of various technological innovations available at Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (NITT) Zaria, for the development of best practises by transport artisans.

Optimization of Triploidy Induction and Growth Performance of Clarias Anguillarias (African Catfish) Using Cold Shock

Pages: 33-40
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Optimization of Triploidy Induction and Growth Performance of Clarias Anguillarias (African Catfish) Using Cold Shock

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Olele Nkeonyeasua Florence , Tighiri Onome Harrison

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Tighiri Onome Harrison; Olele Nkeonyeasua Florence
(2013). Optimization of Triploidy Induction and Growth Performance of Clarias Anguillarias (African Catfish) Using Cold Shock. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 33-40. DOI:
Chromosome manipulation produce polyploidy, which improves fish yield in aquaculture. Triploid hatchlings were obtained from the egg and sperm of Clarias anguillarias fertilized artificially and exposed to cold shock at 50C for 20 minutes, three minutes after fertilization. A total number of 20 juveniles from  treatment A:(Diploid) and treatment B: (Triploid) were collected two weeks after hatching. Blood samples for erythrocyte measurements were obtained after cutting the caudal fin of the samples. T-test results was significant (P<0.05) for erythrocyte nucleus volume (where the value for treatment ’A’ was 0.64±0.03 and 1.15± 0.18 for treatment ’B’) and erythrocyte cell volume, (where treatment ’A’ was valued at 13.20±0.13 and treatment ’B’ at 15.27±0.66). One way analysis of variance revealed that treatment ’B’ produced higher mean weight gain (166.66±53.44g), than treatment ’A’ whose value was 50.40±3.03%. However, a higher hatching rate was realized from treatment ’A’ having value of 77.53±2.19%, than 50.40±3.03% for treatment ’B’. This study has shown that bigger fish was produced when  triploid than diploid catfish were reared. Thus the research has provided a better alternative to bigger and more fish production in aquaculture. It also showed that erythrocyte measurement was reliable for the determination of polyploidy levels.

Strategies for Mathematics Education to Students with Disabilities

Pages: 26-32
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Strategies for Mathematics Education to Students with Disabilities

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Santosh Kumar Mishra

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Santosh Kumar Mishra   (2013). Strategies for Mathematics Education to Students with Disabilities. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 26-32. DOI:
The students with difficulty remembering mathematics facts, concepts, rules, formulas, sequences, and procedures, are referred to as “learning disabled”. Teaching “mathematics education” (which refers to “the practice of teaching and learning mathematics, including research”) to such students is a major challenge before teachers/mathematics educators. Use of technology enables teaching mathematics to students with disabilities with greater ease. This paper primarily aims to give an insight into the strategies that can enhance the mathematical learning of all students, but especially those students with mathematics difficulty. The paper concludes that over the years, the commitment to improving outcomes for students with mathematics difficulty continues to grow. One strategy that needs additional attention involves the use of technology designed to teach mathematical concepts in non-traditional ways. At present, the sheer quantity of educational software and other tools that are available for teachers to use in the classroom is significant. Additionally, the cost of much of this hardware and software is relatively low. One major goal of educators of students with mathematics difficulty should be to conduct ongoing research to determine the best use of existing technology for enhancing mathematical learning.

Role of Blended Learning Approach in Development of International Distance Education Programs – Case Study from Central America

Pages: 19-25
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Role of Blended Learning Approach in Development of International Distance Education Programs – Case Study from Central America

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Seetharam Chittoor Jhansi

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Seetharam Chittoor Jhansi (2013). Role of Blended Learning Approach in Development of International Distance Education Programs – Case Study from Central America. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 19-25. DOI:
Distance education is less a philosophy and more a method of education. Students can study in their own time, at the place of their choice (home, work or learning centre), and without face-to-face contact with a teacher. Technology is a critical element of distance education. International distance education program, in its broader perspective, aims to provide a multinational platform where the latest trends in distance education can be shared and discussed in a friendly environment with the aim to learn from each other. This process, in turn, results in global learning. However, building a dynamic international distance education program can be a complex operation. This paper primarily aims to discuss a model for global learning that utilizes a blended learning approach. It will describe how a blended learning approach was implemented in an international instructional technology program. The paper concludes that:
. the development of an international distance education program includes many factors that must be taken into consideration and addressed in all phases of program development; and
  • .through an international distance education program that utilizes a blended learning approach, all countries and individuals participating can learn and expand their knowledge.

The Causes of Pirate Attack on the Gulf of Guinea and the Adopted Solution in Africa

Pages: 11-18
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The Causes of Pirate Attack on the Gulf of Guinea and the Adopted Solution in Africa

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John Webster , Akwara U.C

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Akwara U.C (2013). The Causes of Pirate Attack on the Gulf of Guinea and the Adopted Solution in Africa. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 11-18. DOI:
In this paper, the study of pirate attack on the gulf of guinea, the causes and the adopted solution in Africa is welcome.  This intrigue is to address the abnormality paraded and ongoing on the gulf of guinea and also the lost of lives, goods, properties, ships, income, import and export materials and equipment that worth million dollars and investment lost to pirates especially the countries that sail across the gulf of guinea from 2004 to 2011. The experiment was analyzed and validated from samples collected from African statistics online, Nigeria statistics online, the cry of citizens that are victimized by pirate attacks, NGO’s and the local media. The procedure was conducted on Pentium IV Systems, 40GB Hard disk, 3.2GB RAM, 2.5GB Processor and Microsoft office packages.

Information Technology in NHS Direct Using Wireless Mark-Up Language (WML) Environment

Pages: 01-10
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Information Technology in NHS Direct Using Wireless Mark-Up Language (WML) Environment

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Peter Okpamen

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Peter Okpamen (2013). Information Technology in NHS Direct Using Wireless Mark-Up Language (WML) Environment. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1: 01-10. DOI:
National Health Services (NHS) Self-help guide is simply an application of mobile phone in a platform independent (WML) environment to sort out solutions to health symptoms. Essentially, the success of this project goes a long way in simplifying the pressure on the already stretched services in the NHS, London. The project is principally based on the openwave technology which enables such wireless platform independent services. The service provides an opportunity for the user to access the ‘search page’ in the network, and identify the symptoms he or she has; thereafter deal with the questions in the ‘question card’. Application of this model no doubt has helped in dealing with the pressure faced by the health services of NHS, London. It is imperative therefore, for developing countries and other organizations to take advantage and invest in the enabling technologies in place, in order to deal with the huge pressure faced by health institutions; as well as help in dealing with other forms of conflicts in organization.