International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences

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No.1

Concept Analysis: Resistance in Nursing

Pages: 157-165
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Concept Analysis: Resistance in Nursing

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Hasanuddin Nuru --- Fardiana Mamang (2014). Concept Analysis: Resistance in Nursing. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 157-165. DOI:
Resistance is a word that commonly used by some disciplines and has board meaning sometimes most debated by some people, Resistance in the workplace, by nurses, has not been extensively studied (Timmons, 2003). The aim of this paper is to expand the understanding of the concept of resistance in Nursing. The authors intent to clarify the defining attributes of resistance and identify antecedents that influence the perception of resistance and the possible consequences of resistance by using Walker and Avant (2005) concept analysis. A model case demonstrates how resistance is tied to these critical attributes. A borderline case and a contrary case are presented to differentiate the concept of resistance from other concepts to the nursing field. Empirical referents demonstrate the current perspective of the concept of resistance particularly in nursing. 

The Maternal Socio-Demographic Factors Associated With Nutritional Status in Children Under Five Years Old In West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Pages: 149-156
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The Maternal Socio-Demographic Factors Associated With Nutritional Status in Children Under Five Years Old In West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

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Sukardin --- Monthana Hemchayat --- Sunun Sinsuesatkul (2014). The Maternal Socio-Demographic Factors Associated With Nutritional Status in Children Under Five Years Old In West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 149-156. DOI:
Socio-demographic factors of mothers are recognized as an important indicator of nutritional status in children under five years old. The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between socio-demographic factors and nutritional status in children under five years old in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. A cross-sectional research design was employed in this study. Of 327 mothers who had children under five years old participated in this study. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire to assess socio-demographic of mothers. Anthropometric measurement was used to examine the nutritional status of children under five years old. The nutritional status of children was used WHO Anthro software v3.2.2 which was based on weight for age (WAZ). Regarding to the criteria of WHO, children who have Z-score < -2 or below are under nutrition and children who have Z-score -2 or above are adequate nutrition. Descriptive statistics and Chi square were used to analyse the data in this study. The results showed that there were statistically significant correlated between maternal socio-demographic factors and nutritional status in children under five years old including maternal education levels (² = 19.26, p< 0.001), maternal marital status (² = 15.12, p< 0.001) and maternal age (² = 12.70, p< 0.001). However, there were no significant relationships between maternal employment, parent income, number of children and nutritional status in children under five years old in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Therefore, the findings in this study confirm that maternal age, maternal education level, and maternal marital status are important factors for the nutritional status of children under five years old.

Gender, Self-Esteem, Social Support and Depression among Seventh Grade Students in Junior High Schools

Pages: 142-148
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Gender, Self-Esteem, Social Support and Depression among Seventh Grade Students in Junior High Schools

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Rian Yuliyana --- Susheewa Wichaikull --- Wilaiporn khamwong (2014). Gender, Self-Esteem, Social Support and Depression among Seventh Grade Students in Junior High Schools. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 142-148. DOI:
Depression is a mental disorder, which could occur everyone. This also occurs in the seventh grade students who are approximately ages 12-13 years because they are facing the major changes, including physical, emotional development and social-cultural changes such as school and friends. It is also the time of the transition from elementary school to junior high school. This descriptive cross-sectional research aimed to investigate the relationships between gender, self-esteem, social support, and depression among the seventh grade students in junior high schools. The samples were 335 seventh grade students of junior high schools who lived in the Tanjungpinang, Indonesia. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by Point-Biserial correlation coefficient, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that there were statistically significant relationships between gender, self-esteem, social support, and depression (r=.128, p<0.01; r= -.268, p < 0.05; r = -.147, p < 0.01). These findings indicated that gender, self-esteem and social support should be considered in preventing depression among seventh grade students in Junior High Schools.

A Critical Synthesis of Literature Review on the Selected John Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice Model

Pages: 131-141
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A Critical Synthesis of Literature Review on the Selected John Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice Model

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Cattaliya Siripattarakul Sanluang --- Yupin Aungsuroch --- Waraporn Chaiyawat --- Kay Avant (2014). A Critical Synthesis of Literature Review on the Selected John Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice Model. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 131-141. DOI:
Nursing administrators of various healthcare organizations are required to improve nursing practice outcomes. A means toward the improvement of nursing practice outcomes is research utilization. Understanding internal organizational factors that increase nurses’ research utilization can help nursing administrators in managing their organization to have a climate of evidence based practice and to facilitate the practicing nurses utilizing research evidence in their practice. This systematic review of the literature examined the strength of the relationships between internal organizational factors and research utilization in nursing practice.. In addition, it mapped the internal organizational factors against a well used model of evidence based practice. There were five key activities in the systematic review: searching, retrieving, categorizing, analyzing and synthesizing literature. Electronic search and retrieval of two online databases and a manual search of specific journals were done. Inclusion criteria of the selected studies were; 1.Published in English, 2.Had internal organizational factors as independent variables and research utilization as a dependent variable, and 3.Relevant to clinical nursing practice. The steps of categorizing and analyzing included the appraisal of the selected studies for quality of design, sample, measurement and statistical analysis. Lastly, semi-structured data abstraction tools and group consensus were used to synthesize findings. Eleven articles met the search criteria. They range from case reports to quantitative studies. Eight factors were identified as having a statistically significant relationship with research utilization, namely  organizational climate, education & research training, role and responsibility, access to human resources, access to material resources, support, time, and multi-faceted access to research related resources. The strength of the relationship between the eight internal organizational factors and nurses’ research utilization was low to moderate. . The results of internal organizational factors were fit to dimensions of internal organizational factors in the selected John Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice Model.

Paternal Postpartum Depression: A Concept Analysis

Pages: 123-130
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Paternal Postpartum Depression: A Concept Analysis

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Irma Nurbaeti

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Irma Nurbaeti  (2014). Paternal Postpartum Depression: A Concept Analysis. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 123-130. DOI:
Paternal postpartum depression is a relatively unrecognized phenomenon in nursing tends to increasing gender functions shift and paternal involvement in childcare.  Paternal postpartum depression refers to unhappy or sad is experienced by father following childbirth, despite of onset of paternal depression not exactly understood. Antecedence factors include hormonal,  neuroticism, personal history of depression, depression in couple, marital satisfaction, life events and social support. Effect of paternal postpartum depression may be on his self, father – infant interaction and couple relationship. Paternal postpartum depression is measured in same ways that maternal postpartum depression has been measured. Such as the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizoprenia (SADS), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-II-R (SCID), The self report measures most commonly used for determining depression status were the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D). The possible differences in how men and women express emotional distress need to be acknowledged, thus specific instruments for assessing the dimensions of men’s depression need to be developed.

The Hope Enhancement Program for Older Persons with Major Depressive Disorder

Pages: 115-122
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The Hope Enhancement Program for Older Persons with Major Depressive Disorder

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Pavena Noppasod , Rangsiman Soonthornchaiya

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Pavena Noppasod --- Rangsiman Soonthornchaiya (2014). The Hope Enhancement Program for Older Persons with Major Depressive Disorder. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 115-122. DOI:
The purpose of this study was to develop the hope enhancement program and compare depression of older person after receiving the hope enhancement program with family participation. Twenty older persons, age 60 years and older, whose diagnosed as depressive disorder and theirs family, were recruited from the outpatient department. The hope enhancement program consisted of three major components: goal setting, pathways thinking, and agency thinking. There were five sessions, 60 – 90 minutes with family participation for three weeks. The instruments included 1) Mini Mental State Examination – Thai 2002, 2) Thai Geriatric Depression Scale (TGDS) and 3) The Hope Questionnaire. The Kuder- Richardson Reliability and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient reliability of the questionnaire for instruments was 0.89, 0.90 and 0.87. Data were analysed by descriptive statics and paired t-test. The result revealed that the mean scores of depression between pre-test and post-test were significantly different (t=7.2, p<0.001). The hope enhancement program with family participation was found to be effectively reduced depression of older persons with major depressive disorder. Thus, health care providers, particularly psychiatric nurses, could apply this program to reduce depression in other psychiatric patient.

The Relationship Between Job Stress Factors and Job Satisfaction Among Nurses in Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Soewandhi and Phc Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia

Pages: 101-114
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The Relationship Between Job Stress Factors and Job Satisfaction Among Nurses in Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Soewandhi and Phc Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia

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Dwi Priyantini , Radziah Mohd.Fauzi

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Dwi Priyantini --- Radziah Mohd.Fauzi (2014). The Relationship Between Job Stress Factors and Job Satisfaction Among Nurses in Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Soewandhi and Phc Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 101-114. DOI:
This Employee’s job satisfaction is an important element for the maintenance of the workforce of any organization. However, some common job stressor across nursing and other health care professionals influence job satisfaction. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the relationship between the job stress factors and job satisfaction among nurses in two hospitals in Surabaya, Indonesia.
A probability sampling design in the form of simple random sampling method was used. The study was conducted in Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) DR. Soewandhi and PHC Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. A self-administered questionnaires of job stress factors includes interpersonal conflict at work scale (ICAWS), organizational constraints scale (OCS), quantitative workload inventory (QWI) and the outcome variable was job satisfaction survey (JSS) distributed to 193 respondents. Indonesian version questionnaires indicated a good reliability and validity, with the Cronbach’s Alpha 0.77 for ICAWS, 0.88 for OCS, 0.91 for QWI and 0.77 for JSS. The Pearson’s correlations results showed that there were negative significant relationship between interpersonal conflict (r = - 0.23, p < 0.05), organizational constraints (r = - 0.31, p < 0.01) and job satisfaction. Meanwhile, there was no significant relationship between quantitative workload and job satisfaction (r = -0.02, p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that 26.8% of the variance in job satisfaction was explained by interpersonal conflict and organizational constraint. Interpersonal conflict (β = -1.33, p < 0.005) was identified as the strongest predictor followed by organizational constraint (β = - 0.963, p < 0.005). In a conclusion interpersonal conflict and organizational constraint may lead to contributed to nurse’s job satisfaction. Organizations have an important role to mitigate the negative impact of stressors and design an interventions aimed to developing and sustaining an harmonious environment which is conducive to higher levels of job satisfaction among nurses.

The Influence of Maternal Attitudes and Family Support toward Prenatal Care Behaviour and Motivation of the Mothers in Treating Unwanted Pregnancies in Bengkulu City in 2013

Pages: 90-100
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The Influence of Maternal Attitudes and Family Support toward Prenatal Care Behaviour and Motivation of the Mothers in Treating Unwanted Pregnancies in Bengkulu City in 2013

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Ida Samidah , Danur Azissah Roesliana Sofais , Tita Septi Handayani

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Ida Samidah --- Danur Azissah Roesliana Sofais --- Tita Septi Handayani (2014). The Influence of Maternal Attitudes and Family Support toward Prenatal Care Behaviour and Motivation of the Mothers in Treating Unwanted Pregnancies in Bengkulu City in 2013. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 90-100. DOI:
The behaviour of prenatal care in facing pregnancy is very influential for the birth outcomes. There are still many unwanted pregnancies found in Bengkulu. Around 54% of the unwanted pregnancies endured by young adults aged 15-19 years old. Consequently it gives bad impacts to prenatal care behaviours of the mothers and their motivation in treating their pregnancies that resulted in poor birth outcomes. This study aimed at investigating the influence of maternal attitudes and family support toward prenatal care behaviour and motivation of the mothers in treating unwanted pregnancies. This study was a cross-sectional study by using quantitative approach. The samples were 60 pregnant women in Bengkulu city aged less than 20 years old. The data were analyzed by using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with smart PLS 2.0. This study revealed that there  was a direct influence between the attitudes toward prenatal care behaviour of the mothers with unwanted pregnancies, with the percentage was 52.07 %; there was a direct influence between motivation in treating pregnancies toward the behaviour of prenatal care in mothers with unwanted pregnancies, in which the percentage was 16.31 %; and there was a direct influence  between the variable of family support toward the behaviour of prenatal care in mothers with unwanted pregnancies, in which the percentage was 24.70 %. The total direct influence was 93.07 %. The direct effect between attitudes toward the motivations in treating the pregnancies was 8, 34 % and the direct influence between family supports in treating the pregnancies was 5, 37%. This study fulfils an identified need and practical help for women in facing unwanted pregnancies for the birth outcomes.

Factors Affecting Resilience in Elementary School-Aged Children after Exposing the Floods

Pages: 82-89
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Factors Affecting Resilience in Elementary School-Aged Children after Exposing the Floods

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Delly Arfa Syukrowardi , Susheewa Wichaikull , Suparpit von Bormann

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Delly Arfa Syukrowardi --- Susheewa Wichaikull --- Suparpit von Bormann (2014). Factors Affecting Resilience in Elementary School-Aged Children after Exposing the Floods. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 82-89. DOI:
Flooding is considered as a risk and brings out many challenges to children. The increasing of floods incidents is impact on the interference of academic performance of children. Resilience is an ability to maintain well-being of children despite difficult time when they face severe floods. The main purpose of this study was identifying factors affecting resilience in elementary school-aged children exposed to major floods. To accomplish this study, a cross-sectional correlation design was employed. The participants were 162 children from 9–12 years old who exposed to major floods in 2013. The instruments used were a self-report questionnaire. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale- 10, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, The After-School Environment Scale, The Cultural Competence Self-Assessment Tool, The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and The Physical Activity Questionnaire were utilized in this study based upon the validity and reliability test. Descriptive and Multiple Regression analyses were employed for analyzing data. The results showed that significant affecting factors for were family support (b = 0.276, P < 0.01), peer support (b = 0.264, P < 0.01) and culture (b = 0.221, P < 0.01) respectively with the overall R adjusted was 0.317. In conclusions, family support, peer support and culture could affect to resilience in elementary school-aged children. A comprehensive intervention program for children to promote the development of positive relationships with family is recommended. The cultural approaches in bringing out the positive relationship between children and family would be helpful to increase the resilience.

Correlation of the Knowledge of Jamu Gendong Seller About Ingredient and Benefit Against the Knowledge and Customer’s Perception

Pages: 74-81
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Correlation of the Knowledge of Jamu Gendong Seller About Ingredient and Benefit Against the Knowledge and Customer’s Perception

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Adhen Maulana , Endang Hanani , Rr Tutik Sri Hariyati

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Adhen Maulana --- Endang Hanani --- Rr Tutik Sri Hariyati (2014). Correlation of the Knowledge of Jamu Gendong Seller About Ingredient and Benefit Against the Knowledge and Customer’s Perception. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 74-81. DOI:
Jamu Gendong is an Indonesian traditional medicine which is sold in fresh condition by seller who are going door to door or sell in the downtown. The purposes of this research are to find out the consumer’s perception and level of knowledge about Jamu Gendong, analyzing the correlation of seller’s Knowledge with the consumer’s knowledge and perception about Jamu Gendong. Research design is using correlation studies and comparison with cross sectional approach. Furthermore, the instruments using questionnares which are given to consumers amounted 100 people. The level of consumer’s knowledge 48% is good and the rest is not good from 20 queries, while the consumer’s perception is “very good” 85 percents, the rest is “good”. There is no correlation between seller’s knowledge against consumer’s knowledge or perception. Comparison of consumer’s knowledge did not discover any difference, however there is the difference upon consumer’s perception. Research suggestion to develop Jamu Gendong by educating the seller and to conduct a further research as well.

Nurse Staffing: A Concept Analysis

Pages: 63-73
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Nurse Staffing: A Concept Analysis

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Ying Liu , Yupin Aungsuroch , Ping Jiang , Feng Ge Wang

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Ying Liu --- Yupin Aungsuroch --- Ping Jiang --- Feng Ge Wang (2014). Nurse Staffing: A Concept Analysis. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 63-73. DOI:
This study aims to undertake a concept analysis of nurse staffing. Research studies show that nurse staffing would have a significant impact on nurse, patient and hospital outcomes. However, a theoretical definition of what exactly “nurse staffing” means is not clear. Therefore, Walker and Avant’s approach of concept analysis is used. Dictionaries, books, theses/dissertations, research articles from Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Science direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were applied to search concept analysis topics in the process. The result shows that the main attributes of nurse staffing are (1) nurses’ quantity and (2) nurses’ quality. The antecedents of nurse staffing include demand factors and supply factors. The consequences of nurse staffing have an essential impact on nurse, patient, and hospital outcomes. This analysis provides nurse managers with a new perspective to look at nurse staffing, which does not only consider the number of nurses, but also the qualification of nurses. These results may further influence health policy makers to consider both quantity and quality of the global nursing shortage. 
What is already known about this topic? 
-Nurse staffing significantly impacts nurse, patient, and hospital outcomes.
What this paper adds?
-The attributes of nurse staffing include two main attributes, which are nurses’ quantity and nurses’ quality.
-The demand and supply model is used to explain the factors influencing the antecedents of nurse staffing within the current global situation.
-The conceptual model of nurse staffing gives the health policy maker a clear picture of the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical indicators pertaining to nurse staffing.

Factors Relating Physical Activity among Older People with Hypertension in Bantul, Indonesia

Pages: 56-62
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Factors Relating Physical Activity among Older People with Hypertension in Bantul, Indonesia

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Nindita Kumalawati Santoso , Sunanta Thongpat , Boontuan Wattanakul

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Nindita Kumalawati Santoso --- Sunanta Thongpat --- Boontuan Wattanakul (2014). Factors Relating Physical Activity among Older People with Hypertension in Bantul, Indonesia. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 56-62. DOI:
Physical activity can bring significant health benefits to people of all age, extend years of active independent living, reduce disability, and manage blood pressure for older people.  Hypertension that considered one of early signs of risk factor leading to chronic diseases need to be controlled with adequate physical activity. Identifying the factors relating physical activity within a theoretical framework is a prerequisite to increase physical activity. The aim of this study was identifying factors relating physical activity among older people with hypertension in Bantul, Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was used to achieve the aim. Participants were purposively recruited from four Primary Health Center in Bantul, Indonesia. A total of 174 older people with hypertension were recruited and were asked to complete five questionnaires during a face-to-face interview with researcher at the activity setting. Pearson product moment correlation and Spearman’s Rank analyses were employed for analyzing data. The results showed that age, education level, income, living arrangement, perceived barrier, perceived self efficacy, and social support were significantly associated with physical activity. Meanwhile, gender was not significantly associated with physical activity. In conclusion, adequacy of physical activity can be reached by decreased of perceived barrier, increased of perceived self efficacy, and social support. Intervention program on low education, older age, low income, and living alone group should be focused for target intervention.

Curriculum Evaluation of Bachelor of Nursing Science Program Conducted at the Royal Thai Navy College of Nursing Based on the Thai Qualification Framework for Higher Education

Pages: 46-55
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Curriculum Evaluation of Bachelor of Nursing Science Program Conducted at the Royal Thai Navy College of Nursing Based on the Thai Qualification Framework for Higher Education

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Thanaporn Yeamsuda , Amorntip Na Bangchang , Kanoknuch Kampak , Karuna Wongtienlai

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Thanaporn Yeamsuda --- Amorntip Na Bangchang --- Kanoknuch Kampak --- Karuna Wongtienlai (2014). Curriculum Evaluation of Bachelor of Nursing Science Program Conducted at the Royal Thai Navy College of Nursing Based on the Thai Qualification Framework for Higher Education. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 46-55. DOI:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the curriculum in terms of philosophy, objectives, course structure, student development strategies, student identity development, instructors, learning resources, measurement and evaluation, and verification of student achievement. There were 46 samples consisting of executives, instructors and employers of the graduates of the Royal Thai Navy College of Nursing. The research tools used in this study was a questionnaire reflecting the opinion of executives, instructors, the employers about the program. The content validity of the tool was tested by 3 experts and the reliability was at .82. The results showed that in the opinion of the executives, instructors and the employers, the  suitability of the Bachelor of Nursing Science Program was at the highest in aspects of philosophy and significance of the program, the program objectives, conformity to standards of learning, teaching strategies, student identity development, and measurement and evaluation. The suitability of the program structure was rated to be in the level of high to the highest while in the aspects of instructor and instructor development, learning resources, and verification of student achievement, the suitability was in high level. Suggestions: There should be a process to monitor and control the program administration and a provision of the instructor’s professional development together with a modification and continuous improvement of the program after completing the verification of student achievement.

Relationships Between Level of Education, Breastfeeding Experience, Working Hours and Intention To Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice Among Pregnant Working Women

Pages: 39-45
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Relationships Between Level of Education, Breastfeeding Experience, Working Hours and Intention To Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice Among Pregnant Working Women

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Cicilia Nony , Monthana Hemchayat , Kalmorat Turner

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Cicilia Nony --- Monthana Hemchayat --- Kalmorat Turner (2014). Relationships Between Level of Education, Breastfeeding Experience, Working Hours and Intention To Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice Among Pregnant Working Women. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 39-45. DOI:
Breastfeeding is a natural human behaviour between mother and her baby. Mother’s decision for breastfeeding as a first nutrition starting on their pregnancy periods. Although a mother facing the difficulty role as a working women, she should  have intention to practice exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between level of education, breastfeeding experience, working hours and intention of pregnant working women to practice exclusive breastfeeding. A cross sectional study was employed in this study. Participants were recruited from Antenatal care unit of primary healthcare services in Jakarta, Indonesia. Pregnant working women (N=118) completed a self administered questionnaire that measure their intention to practice exclusive breastfeeding. The bivariate correlation was performed to identified the correlation between level of education, breastfeeding experience, working hours and intention. The result of the study found that level of education had significantly correlated with intention to practice exclusive breastfeeding (r = 0.22, p< 0.05) and having been breastfeeding experience significantly correlated with intention to practice exclusive breastfeeding (r = 0.18, p< 0.05) among pregnant working women. However, working hours has no significant correlated with intention exclusive breastfeeding. In conclusion, providing breastfeeding knowledge among pregnant working women, particularly in the low level of education are important for promoting breastfeeding exclusively. Moreover, mother who had no breastfeeding experience should be our concern for giving them encouragement about their obstacle and motivation to fulfil their successful role as a mother and as a worker.

Factors Relating To Eating Behavior of Adults in Tomohon, Indonesia

Pages: 31-38
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Factors Relating To Eating Behavior of Adults in Tomohon, Indonesia

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Natalia Elisa Rakinaung , Peranan Jerayingmongko , Boosaba Sanguanprasit

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Natalia Elisa Rakinaung --- Peranan Jerayingmongkol --- Boosaba Sanguanprasit (2014). Factors Relating To Eating Behavior of Adults in Tomohon, Indonesia. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 31-38. DOI:
The purpose of this study was to determine factors relating to eating behavior of adults in Tomohon, Indonesia. Eating behavior regarding to unhealthy diet is one of the behavioral factors that important one to study in the way to tackling non communicable diseases. Therefore, it is important to identify factors relating to eating behavior of people, especially those who are at risk of non communicable diseases. A cross-sectional survey design was used in this study with sampling method combined of multi stage sampling technique and convenience sampling method. Data were collected by self-administrated questionnaire from 300 adults at seven sub districts in Tomohon, Indonesia. Pearson product moment correlation and Spearman’s rank correlation were used for data analysis. The result of analysis revealed that there were significant correlations between gender, attitude, perceive barrier to consuming healthy food, and perceive barrier to avoiding unhealthy food with eating behavior. However, there were some factors not have correlation with eating behavior were found included age, educational level, and perceive benefit. In conclusion, the health promotion as an intervention program related to eating behavior to tackling non-communicable diseases in Tomohon city can be focus on gender, attitude, and overcoming the barrier toward good eating behavior.

Factors Relating To Falls Risk Among Community-Dwelling Eldelry People in Jambi, Indonesia

Pages: 23-30
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Factors Relating To Falls Risk Among Community-Dwelling Eldelry People in Jambi, Indonesia

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Loriza Sativa Yan , Anchaleeporn Amatayakul , Yupawan Thongtanunam

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Loriza Sativa Yan --- Anchaleeporn Amatayakul --- Yupawan Thongtanunam (2014). Factors Relating To Falls Risk Among Community-Dwelling Eldelry People in Jambi, Indonesia. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 23-30. DOI:
Facing aging societies, falls risk of elderly people was an urgent public health concern leading to severe injury, decreased functioning, and mortality. Particularly susceptible was elderly people living in the community. The aim of this study was to determine factors related to falls risk among community-dwelling elderly. A descriptive correlation design was performed with 166 elderly people in Kota Jambi district. Female or male, of aged 60 years or above were interviewed at five public health centers, following the instruments; 1) Falls Risk Assessment Tools (FRAT) assessed the risk of falls and 2) Time Up and Go Test (TUGT) recorded the Physical function level among elderly people. The primary outcome was a falls risk incidence within six months. The majority (83%) of elderly people who were high risk of falls performed a fair physical function level. The results showed that age, gender, educational level, living arrangement, and occupation were not significant relationships with falls risk. However, physical function was moderately associated with falls risk among community-dwelling elderly people. The results emphasized that elderly who had a chance to improve physical function were less likely to exposure falls risk.

Adaptation of a Breastfeeding Motivational Instructional Measurement Scale into a Thai Cultural Setting

Pages: 16-22
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Adaptation of a Breastfeeding Motivational Instructional Measurement Scale into a Thai Cultural Setting

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Lesley Dornan , Marlene Sinclair , W.George Kernohan , Janine Stockdale , Varangthip Khuwuthyakorn , Fuanglada Tongprasert , Watcharee Tantiprapa

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 Lesley Dornan --- Marlene Sinclair --- W.George Kernohan --- Janine Stockdale --- Varangthip Khuwuthyakorn --- Fuanglada Tongprasert --- Watcharee Tantiprapa (2014). Adaptation of a Breastfeeding Motivational Instructional Measurement Scale into a Thai Cultural Setting. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 16-22. DOI:
The aim of this study was to achieve a Thai version of a breastfeeding motivational instructional measurement scale. Methods: Following WHO translation and adaptation guidelines the breastfeeding scale was adapted into a Thai cultural setting and pilot-tested in an urban University hospital. Findings: The scale correctly measured the motivational constructs. Pre-testing of the Thai version showed the initial translation of the scale was too literal and required more clarity in the instructions. Some women found the 51 items scale too long and complicated. Cultural values influenced their understanding of concepts and their responses to the questions. Lessons learned for the adaptation of other behaviour measurement tools include a well-defined process and the value of the involvement of experts, staff and mothers in the process for additional insight into cultural adaptation process. Conclusions: Successful adaptation of a breastfeeding measurement scale requires a rigorous process, a clear understanding of the cultural setting and stakeholder involvement to ensure validity, reliability and effectiveness.

Relationships between Demographic Characteristics, Social Support, and Quality of Life of HIV Infected Women

Pages: 8-15
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Relationships between Demographic Characteristics, Social Support, and Quality of Life of HIV Infected Women

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Siska Evi Martina , Sunanta Thongpat , Pornruedee Nitirat

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Siska Evi Martina --- Sunanta Thongpat --- Pornruedee Nitirat (2014). Relationships between Demographic Characteristics, Social Support, and Quality of Life of HIV Infected Women. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 8-15. DOI:
The prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected women in Indonesia is increasing dramatically. HIV is a potentially life-threatening condition and impact to the quality of life of patients, particularly women. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics, social support and quality of life of HIV infected women. A descriptive cross sectional study was employed with 111 HIV infected women whose age were 18 to 45 years old from community HIV clinic Medan, Indonesia. Questionnaires composed of the demographic characteristics, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results found that 55 % HIV infected women had quality of life in a good level and better quality of life in physical domain (M=14.12, SD=2.40). However, the poorest quality of life in social relationship domain (M=11.50, SD=2.51). 59.5 % of participants perceived social support had a moderate level, they were perceived higher support from significant other (69.4%) than from family or friends. Social support was statistically positive relationship with quality of life (r = 0.46, p < .01. Employment status was statistically negative relationship with quality of life. However, age, marital status, educational level, and family income were not significantly relationships with quality of life. In conclusions, social support and employment status could influence the quality of life of HIV infected women. Therefore, this study can be as a reference for nurses to provide the information and promote the social support to enhance the quality of life of HIV infected women. 

The Relationships Between Characteristics of Caregivers and Quality of Life Among Family Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia in Indonesia

Pages: 01-07
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The Relationships Between Characteristics of Caregivers and Quality of Life Among Family Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia in Indonesia

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Karina Megasari Winahyu , Monthana Hemchayat , Sukjai Charoensuk

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Karina Megasari Winahyu --- Monthana Hemchayat --- Sukjai Charoensuk (2014). The Relationships Between Characteristics of Caregivers and Quality of Life Among Family Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia in Indonesia. International Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 01-07. DOI:
Limited research has been undertaken regarding quality of life among family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Indonesia despite the burden they perceived as the impact of caregiving. This study explored the caregiver burden and identified the relationships between characteristics of caregivers and the quality of life. A cross-sectional design was used with 137 family caregivers were recruited from the outpatient department of mental hospital. The characteristics of caregiver form, Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS) and Schizophrenia Caregiver Quality of Life (S-CGQoL) were provided based upon the validity and reliability test. Statistical analyses were conducted by employing descriptive and bivariate analyses. The significant factors related to quality of life consisted of gender, level of education, and employment status.This study suggests that female family caregivers who had low education, and being employed suppose to be the priority regarding the attempts to improve the QoL.