The Economics and Finance Letters 2312-6310 2312-430X 10.18488/journal.29/2016.3.1/29.1.8.12 The Economics and Finance Letters Education and Income Relationship in Turkey The Economics and Finance Letters The Economics and Finance Letters 01-2016 2016 01-2016 01-2016 3 1 8 12 30 Nov 30 Nov This paper examines the causal relationship between four different measures of education and income in Turkey using time series data for the period 1971-2013. The four measures are: (a) gross primary-school enrolment, (b) gross secondary-school enrolment, (c) gross higher-school enrolment and (d) government expenditure on education relative to total government expenditure. The analysis employs a Toda and Yamamoto (1995) approach to Granger non-causality. The empirical findings indicate evidence of a unidirectional causality running from secondary-school enrolment to GDP per capita and higher-school enrolment to GDP per capita. The results also indicate that primary education and government spending on education do not Granger cause economic growth and vice versa.<br>